sea otter population trends worksheet

Sea otters are born swimmers with long, sleek, streamlined bodies with webbed feet. The Commission recommended ways to improve the potential biological removal estimate. The effect of sea otters on shellfisheries in British Columbia, in Invertebrate Working Papers, eds C. M. Hand and B. J. Waddell (Ottawa: Fisheries and Oceans Canada), 262303. An overview of sea otter studies, in Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez, ed. 560, 7386. Southwest Alaska Distinct Population Segment of the Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) - Recovery Plan. Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global . Within the western Aleutian Islands, only a few areas with concentrations of sea otters remain (i.e., hotspots), generally within complex, nearshore reef habitats or lagoons that protect the surviving animals from predation. Fish. It includes space for writing their answers and drawing a picture. Hughes, B. Engaging activities when reading Sea Otter Pups. Southwest. doi: 10.1890/15-0158.1, Rathbun, G. B., Hatfield, B. What could be some possible hypotheses for why the kelp population is changing? Washington's current sea otter population Monitoring efforts have varied in frequency and type across years. Limited dispersal distances, adult affinity to small home ranges (Tarjan and Tinker, 2016) and food limitations that developed within the core segment of the population limited the number of animals that could emigrate in these two directions. A. A miniature, satellite-linked telemeter that can be attached to a hind flipper and is tolerated (not removed or destroyed), or an implantable device that remains with the animal for life but provides a final location after death, may provide much-needed information on long-range movements. Continued protection and conservation will be required for many decades. An official website of the United States government. In 2015, those reintroduced populations accounted for approximately 30% of the nearly 150,000 extant sea otters and occupied more than 50% of the sea otters historical range (Bodkin, 2015). Since its discovery along the coast of central California, the southern sea otter population has grown at anemic rates compared to populations in Alaska. Well-known examples are sea otter populations in the Aleutian Islands prior to their subsequent decline in the 1990s, as well as populations in Southeast Alaska and Washington State (Bodkin et al., 1999). While goals may vary, either survey type can generate population trend data, and it is important that accepted protocols be followed consistently to allow comparisons over space and time. /ca 1.0 Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Data are shown for independent otters (nonpups) and all otters for mainland California (blue; left axis), San Nicolas Island (red; right axis), and range-wide (squares; left axis) from 2012 onward, when both indices were combined to calculate the population index. The population has continued to decline, with a most recent abundance estimate of 2,962 otters in 2019. (Theresa Soley/KTOO) John Ryan lives in Hollis, on Prince of Wales Island. /Width 500 %PDF-1.4 However, genetic variability is highest in the Southeast Alaska population, which was created by translocations from two widely separated source populations including Prince William Sound and Amchitka Island (Jameson et al., 1982; Larson et al., 2002a). Trends in population index reported by USGS for southern sea otters in California. Because of their high metabolic rate and food consumption, sea otter populations near carrying capacity often are on the edge of starvation, so any change in the prey base due to environmental factors or disease could have an immediate and possibly detrimental effect. thesis, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Trend lines for the mainland (left vertical axis) are shown as "3-year running averages" of independents (dashed green line) and total otters (solid blue line). Draft Periodic Status Review for the Sea Otter in Washington. Understanding the factors that regulate sea otter density will be challenging and likely require focusing on a few index sites that are representative of the variety of littoral habitats occupied by sea otters around the North Pacific Rim. Harvest of sea otters in the United States is strictly limited to coastal Alaska Natives who can take sea otters for subsistence and for creating and selling authentic native handicrafts. Small numbers of lobsters (26), octopus (16), and abalone (5) also were identified. 59, 874876. Measures of effective population size in sea otters reveal special considerations for wide-ranging species. In 2017, the Commission commented onproposed revisions to the southern sea otter stock assessment report. Sci. 32, 309326. JB wrote Question 4. The range-wide index of abundance (left vertical axis) is also shown for 2013. Protocol Narrative for Nearshore Marine Ecosystem Monitoring in the Gulf of Alaska: Version 1.1. In addition, the Commission noted the need to update the southern sea otter stock assessment report more frequently. U.S.A. 110, 1531315318. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082477, Menge, B. Study 30, 4151. This is an interactive unit study to reinforce Middle through High School Math, Algebra, Geometry, Math and Cooking principles in an engaging, real life format. Ser. U.S.A. 106, 22422247. 6, 2840. (4) Making sea otter monitoring comparable across geo-political boundaries: As sea otter populations continue to expand in range and numbers, monitoring will become increasingly challenging, likely resulting in reduced effort and power to detect change. Coinciding with recent population growth, the sea otter distribution, which previously tended to concentrate on the west side, appears to have shifted toward an expansion of use in the north and especially greater seasonal use in the north and south during winter and spring. (2009). It inhabits coastal waters from the Kuril Islands to the Aleutian Islands southward to the coast of California. Look in the library and on the Internet to learn what animals live in a kelp forest. Trop. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-456160-1.50010-2. The goal of this article is to identify and address some of the key questions and challenges for future research and management that will contribute to the full recovery of sea otters to pre-exploitation levels, reoccupation of their historical range, and restoration of nearshore ecosystems. Their fur contains up to 1,000,000 hair follicles per square inch. Continuation of these surveys and further development and refinement of spatial modeling methods to predict (a) the trajectory of range expansion in a region, (b) the rate of range expansion, and (c) the time frame to various population densities within a region could assist fishery managers in these efforts. In addition to re-establishing population connectivity and restoring genetic diversity, the translocation of sea otters into historically occupied habitat restores the nearshore ecosystem. Ecology 89, 27252735. doi: 10.2307/3800973. Where sea otters persist, there is more complexity and productivity in the nearshore marine ecosystem. The sea otter spends most of its time in the water but, in some locations, comes ashore to sleep or rest. <> Imagine that you are applying for money to study sea otters. Managing at smaller scales may not change substantially the cost and logistical challenges of acquiring appropriate data if, for example, research focuses on collecting information on larger areas (e.g., across the western Aleutian chain as is often the case) but simply puts an emphasis on analyzing information at finer spatial scales. -;I%bo[Qg. Population reconstructions that (a) excluded natural immigration and surrogate-releases, (b) excluded releases but . Biol. Wendell, F. E., Hardy, R. A., and Ames, J. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01218.x, Estes, J. Mar. Their short legs, webbed toes, and muscular tails aid in swimming, and they can close their ears and noses when diving down to forage for food. Sea otter pups are susceptible to predation by bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in areas where they co-occur (Sherrod et al., 1975; Anthony et al., 2008). However, routine population monitoring was largely absent during the first 50 years following the cessation of the maritime fur trade. Bodkin, J. L. (2015). The sea otter, in National Science Foundation by the Israel program for scientific, eds A. Birron and Z. S. Cole (Jerusalem: Soviet Ministrov RSFSR), 227. 77, 271280. Several abalone species are listed under endangered species legislation in Canada and in the United States,1 and other species may join the ranks depending on how well fisheries are managed. Link will appear as Sea Otter Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, August 5, 2018. Chads, I., Curtis, J., and Martin, T. (2012). of food each day. By the time theMarine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)was enacted in 1972, the California population had grown from as few as 50 to more than 1,000 individuals (an average annual growth rate of about 5 percent). Fort Collins, CO: National Park Service. Technological and analytical improvements in the assessment of sea otter take in fishing gear could direct the focus of managers to fisheries that are affecting sea otter populations and remove other fisheries from suspicion. Geographic variation in sea otters, Enhydra lutris. (2005b). Lia Rudisill - 1 extracted Homeostasis Population Graphs CC.pdf - Name: Period: Kelp Population Trends Graph the data provided on the left to Lia Rudisill - 1 extracted Homeostasis Population Graphs CC.pdf School Watseka Comm High School Course Title HIST2340 2430 Uploaded By JudgeArmadillo241 Pages 5 Ratings 92% (12) Where would you go? Want to read all 7 pages? However, this technique is labor intensive, logistically expensive, and not practical for extended periods in remote areas that are accessible only by boat or aircraft. Instruments attached to the hind flippers are susceptible to removal or destruction by the animal and must be extremely small and lightweight to avoid tearing the flippers webbing. PLoS One 9:e91235. For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download In some cases, gear modifications are available that would reduce or exclude the potential for incidental take without appreciably affecting the catch of target species (Hatfield et al., 2011). Sea otters likely also benefit Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) and salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2007.01.008, Kvitek, R. G., Bowlby, C. E., and Staedler, M. (1993). about viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found at the common download problems FAQ. /SMask /None>> 5 0 obj The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean North American Fauna. You will, 1 out of 1 people found this document helpful, Name: _________________________________________________________, the four graphs located on the last two pages of this document. Kelp and rivers subsidize rocky intertidal communities in the Pacific Northwest (USA). Both perspectives recognize the important role sea otters play in structuring the shallow, littoral ecosystem, but the perspectives differ in time and space. Many of these challenges will require new tools including the next generation geolocation tag technology that will allow assessments of long-range movements, dispersal and gene flow in various populations. Explore recent publications by USGS authors, Browse all of Pubs Warehouse by publication type and year, Descriptions of US Geological Survey Report Series, Southern (California) sea otter population status and trends at San Nicolas Island, 20172020, Appendix 1. Ecol. Although the population decline slowed when nearshore nets were outlawed, growth still progressed slowly (Estes, 1990; Estes et al., 2003). sea otters, and then in the early 1990s orcas began eating the sea otters. endobj browser may not display or print as intended. /Pages 3 0 R Beyond monitoring to detect trends or changes in sea otter abundance, we need to identify underlying causes of change, a decidedly more difficult task when approached after the change has occurred, but facilitated by incorporating likely mechanisms in monitoring design (see Question 3). In the first 10 years, at what point did carrying capacity appear to be? This download is exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! Larson, S., Jameson, R., Etnier, M., Fleming, M., and Bentzen, P. (2002b). Mar. International collaboration will be needed to optimize monitoring, both spatially and temporally, to allow contrasts across populations and identify the cause of demographic change. (3) Quantifying the effects of sea otters on the littoral community: Consideration should be given to how food availability limits population and ecosystem recovery and on predicting the effect of sea otter reoccupation on commercially valuable resources. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032205, Larson, S. D., Hoyt, Z. N., Eckert, G. L., and Gill, V. A. New technology is needed to overcome these tagging limitations. Plant Sci. Barabash-Nikiforov, I. I. Female sea otters become sexually mature at around four years of age, and males at around five. Science 282, 473476. >> The population decline likely began in the mid-1980s and declined at a rate of 17.5%/year in the 1990s. Nat. Dis. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150547. the southern sea otter Who helps control the sea urchin population? Ecol. 1 0 obj 1986). Manage. But scientists are really not sure how sea otters will respond and thrive in estuary environments, and how their recovery will affect estuary food webs. Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities. JFIF d d C /Filter /DCTDecode They found that a 50% reduction in the poaching of northern abalone was necessary to reach a short-term recovery goal of halting further declines in northern abalone density in the presence of sea otters. 79, 379395. Am. California Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) Census Results, Spring 2019. Environ. These changes are influenced by the population density of sea otters and the time since reoccupation of an area. Coinciding with recent population growth, the sea otter distribution, which previously tended to concentrate on the west side, appears to have shifted toward an expansion of use in the north and especially greater seasonal use in the north and south during winter and spring. Why do you find those questions interesting? Loomis, J. These results can be useful to the planning of future monitoring and research of sea otters at San Nicolas Island. A., Conrad, P. A., Staedler, M., Miller, M. A., et al. Reston, VA. Estes, J. Science 200, 403411. 6) 62, 26482658. The FWS published anotice of availability of the revised stock assessment report on 28 August 2017, in which it addressed the comments submitted by the Commission and others. Despite the translocation having been declared a failure, the population on San Nicolas Island continues to increase. J. Exp. History and status of sea otters, Enhydra lutris along the coast of Hokkaido, Japan. Here, we highlight an existing monitoring program, Gulf Watch Alaska (GWA), to illustrate how nearshore food web-based monitoring can indicate alternative causes of change related to sea otter recolonization on nearshore communities. t HWv@&Lwa*>jja|tlXCFwdhbF;"ST+\+ Sci. As the population expanded both north and south into habitat that was not observable from shore, aircraft were used for surveys. (2009). (2013). (2007). Conrad, P. A., Kreuder, C., Mazet, J., Dabritz, H., Grigg, M., James, E., et al. 73, 88. Activity-time budgets of sea otters in California. All rights reserved. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) listed the southern sea otter population as threatened under theEndangered Species Act (ESA)in 1977 and adopted a recovery plan for the population in 1982, which was updated in 2003. For southern sea otters to be considered for removal from threatened . endobj Evol. doi: 10.1139/z95-138, Nichol, L. M. (2015). 24, 115. Click the Edit button above to get started. These include but are not limited to sea otters and their prey. A., Hatfield, B. A., and White, C. M. (1975). The maritime fur trade in the late 18th and 19th centuries decimated and fragmented the sea otter population that once extended around the North Pacific Rim from northern Japan to central Baja California in Mexico. doi: 10.1007/s00442-014-3149-6, Szpak, P., Orchard, T. J., McKechnie, I., and Grcke, D. R. (2012). Continued research to allow full, pre-exploitation recovery and restoration of nearshore ecosystems should focus on at least seven key challenges: (1) Defining sea otter populations at smaller spatial scales that reflect this species life history and dispersal patterns; (2) Understanding factors that regulate sea otter population density with a focus on index sites that are representative of the variety of littoral habitats occupied by sea otters around the North Pacific Rim; (3) Quantifying the effects of sea otters on the littoral community with a focus on how food availability limits population and ecosystem recovery and on predicting the effect of sea otter reoccupation on commercially valuable invertebrates; (4) Making sea otter monitoring programs comparable across geo-political boundaries through international collaboration to optimize survey efforts both spatially and temporally and to determine the cause of changes in sea otter demographics; (5) Evaluating the conservation benefits of sea otter reintroductions into historical habitat; (6) Assessing the socioeconomic costs and benefits of sea otter range expansion to anticipate and mitigate conflicts; (7) Recognizing in conservation and management plans that sea otters can be significantly affected by higher level predators in some circumstances. 32 percent of recovered carcasses were of adult and subadult femalespotential mothersan increase from pre-2008 figures of 27 percent. Between 1911, when hunting was prohibited, and 1972, when the MMPA was passed, these otters recolonized more than 200 miles (370 kilometers) of the California coast. During the past 60 years, much has been learned about their natural history, physiological adaptations for an aquatic life, and the important role they play in structuring nearshore marine ecosystems. Rockfish Recruitment and Trophic Dynamics on the West Coast of Vancouver Island: Fishing, Ocean Climate, and Sea Otters. << Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) declared the species endangered in most of its range. However, these land-based predators likely are not having significant population-level effects. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The nearshore component of the GWA Monitoring Program focuses on the food web and encompasses key species or taxa that represent all trophic levels, from primary producers to apex invertebrate and vertebrate predators, as well as environmental conditions. 20 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Key Questions and Challenges for Future Research and Management, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Markel, R. W., and Shurin, J. Provide a title and lable both the X and Y. A raft usually comprises single-sex sea otters numbering from 10 to over one hundred individuals. A new pathogen transmission mechanism in the ocean: the case of sea otter exposure to the land-parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Historical ecology of late Holocene sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from northern British Columbia: isotopic and zooarchaeological perspectives. A sea otter floats on its back. Aquat. Lensink, C. J. (2016). Due to their thick, soft pelts, sea otters were hunted extensively until an international ban was enforced to prevent their extinction. Ecol. (2004). (2003). Figure 2. Thus, the California population, even at its maximum growth rate, never had the potential to expand as fast as populations in more complex habitats. One is through the macrophytes (kelps, seaweeds and sea grasses) that provide a stable source of productivity. These conflicts ultimately may affect a fishery through area closures or required gear modifications. Letter to FWS regarding the draft revised stock assessment report for the southern sea otter, Letter to FWSwith comments on the 2016 draft stock assessment report for the southern sea otter, Letter to FWS regarding an Application from California Department of Fish and Wildlife-Central Region to take southern sea otters incidental to construction activities in association with a tidal marsh restoration project in Elkhorn Slough, California, Letter to FWS regarding revised stock assessment report for the Southern sea otter. 34, 387404. Furthermore, the adjacent translocated populations in British Columbia and Washington states have expanded their range, resulting in overlap and genetic mixing thereby boosting the genetic diversity to 70% of the pre-fur trade level (Larson et al., 2002b, 2012; Larson and Bodkin, 2015; Sato, 2018). 72, 2236. The draft report identified the potential for sea otters to become trapped in gear used to catch crab, lobster, and finfish. Dis. Bigg, M. A., and MacAskie, I. Factors that regulate female densities are not well known, but small annual home ranges are suggestive of behavioral mechanisms. translocation, Washington's sea otter population grew from a founding population estimated to be as few as 10 individuals (10-21%/yr; Jameson et al. In British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, conflicts did not begin to emerge for several more decades because sea otters were not reintroduced to these areas until the late 1960s and early 1970s (Bigg and MacAskie, 1978; Jameson et al., 1982; Nichol, 2015). Although the FWS declared the translocation a failure, it is quite possible that otter numbers at San Nicolas will continue to grow. These are challenging goals, but with well-articulated uncertainties, the results could be useful to managers in anticipating and planning for sea otters effects on the abundance of commercially or recreationally targeted species of shellfish. Ecology 90, 546555. See the fact file below for more information on Sea Otters, or alternatively, you can download our 25-page Sea Otter worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. (1986). Ecol. The sea otter is now an important component of nearshore ecosystems from California to Japan. Instead, they have the densest fur, keeping their body temperature around 100 degrees and making them buoyant. (2003). As sea otters reoccupy northern Japan for the first time in over one hundred years, local fishing communities that harvest high-value invertebrates (e.g., uni sea urchin roe sells for $300 kg, and a sea otter can eat 45 kg per day) may place pressure on the government to limit the extent of their reoccupation. The importance of marine predators in the provisioning of ecosystem services by coastal plant communities. doi: 10.2307/1379491, Simenstad, C. A., Estes, J. Scribner, K. T., Bodkin, J., Ballachey, B., Fain, S. R., Cronin, M. A., and Sanchez, M. (1997). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806449106. Sea Otter Population Trends Direction:Complete the Sea Otter Population Graph (Graph #3) and answer the questions below. An increased emphasis should be placed on quantifying the beneficial socioeconomic effects of sea otters (e.g., ecotourism) and sea otter-induced trophic cascades in kelp and seagrass habitats (e.g., benefits to finfish fisheries resulting from increases in finfish populations, increases in atmospheric carbon sequestration, and reduced shoreline erosion). The goal of this research program is to understand the factors affecting the growth and dynamics of sea otter populations in the western US coastal waters, including listed populations in California and southwestern Alaska. These results can be useful to the planning of future monitoring and research of sea otters at San Nicolas Island. Biol. Part 2 Top Stud. PLoS One 8:e82477. Carol is in a jurisdiction that recognizes merger for attempt and that also requires, All the patients that visit the Paediatric Orthopaedic Clinic are sent there through reference of family doctors. TEACHER BACKGROUND Unit 3 - The Kelp Forest TEACHER BACKGROUND - Food Chains in the Kelp Forest FOR SEAInstitute of Marine Science 2001 J. /Type /ExtGState ELKHORN SLOUGH SEA OTTER RESEARCH - OF ESTUARIES AND SEA OTTERS. Fish and Wildlife Service. Kuluk Bay is on an open coast, so sea otters there are exposed to killer whales. A., Edwards, M., Laidre, K. L., and Konar, B. That is, localized harvests limited sea otter impacts on local subsistence shellfish resources while not having a significant impact on the range-wide sea otter population. Specifically, as sea otters reoccupy habitat, they drive a cascade of ecological effects including a reduction in the abundance of herbivorous (primarily kelp eating) macro-invertebrates such as sea urchins, thereby restoring canopy-forming kelp (Estes, 2015; see Questions 2 and 3). 82, 103113. Animal populations are limited by density-dependent and density-independent factors, many of which are known for sea otters, although the importance of individual factors varies. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013). xYkE@i`fj|DIl0sozu3m>N'\Wl\?nn&g;6`vWKMv;s9c7Y[3jcGMgVk5OUmPW5:2ayQ6WN[l Oecologia 177, 645655. Temporal and spatial patterns in sea otter (Enhydra lutris) range expansion and in the loss of the Pismo clam fisheries. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.12.008, Monson, D., Estes, J. Fish Game 72, 197212. doi: 10.1890/07-1818.1, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Arkema, K. K., Guannel, G., Verutes, G., Wood, S. A., Guerry, A., Ruckelshaus, M., et al. Approximately how much have sea otter populations increased from 1969-70 to today? the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. See how sea otters maintain the balance of kelp-forest ecosystems by consuming sea urchins Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. They are isolated not only by distance to the next area of concentration, but also because killer whale predation likely has imposed a strong selection pressure against dispersal (Heithaus and Dill, 2006; Heithaus et al., 2008; Wirsing et al., 2008; Willems and Hill, 2009). The reproductive system of sea otters is resource defense polygyny (Riedman and Estes, 1990). Sign Me Up, Editing resources is available exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members.To edit this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start editing! An official website of the United States government. The sea otter is the largest otter, reaching 100-160 cm (40-65 inches) long and weighing 16-40 kg (35-90 pounds) when fully grown. J. doi: 10.3354/meps082103, Kvitek, R. G., Oliver, J. S., DeGange, A. R., and Anderson, B. S. (1992). The otters are the keystone species of a coastal ecosystem called kelp forests. Females move freely among these territories, but any female within a territory will be investigated for sexual receptivity. The overall sea otter population size of the Southwest Alaska stock has declined by more than 50% since the mid-1980s. 8:e2852. Both conservation and management will benefit from a multi-faceted approach to monitoring not only sea otters, but also the nearshore ecosystems they occupy. Effects of Sea Otter Colonization on Soft-Sediment Intertidal Prey Assemblages in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Natural Resource Report NPS/SWAN/NRR 2014/756. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. Sherrod, S. K., Estes, J. 30 mil 20 mil 6 mil 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Years. Monogr. Following the modern discovery of sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean by Vitus Bering during his expedition in the mid-1700s, the maritime fur trade in the late 18th and 19th centuries reduced sea otter populations to less than 2,000 individuals combined. (1983). 13, 219229. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Overview of Alaska sea otter ecology and recent research related to human-sea otter conflicts in Kachemak Bay and Southeast Alaska. It also includes a comprehension tri-fold with comprehension questions for the story. Alaska: U.S. In recognition of this biological reality, it is time to reconsider the scale at which sea otter populations are defined. Research is needed to quantify these benefits accurately and, where possible, tailor projections to locally affected communities so that they can be included properly in management decisions and economic forecasting. Mol. 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Free of charge play a small role in mitigating global ecosystem monitoring in the mid-1980s the first years... J., and Staedler, M. ( 1975 ) ban was enforced to prevent their extinction instead, they the... Capacity appear to be to prevent their extinction small role in mitigating global early 1990s began..., streamlined bodies with webbed feet SEAInstitute of Marine Science 2001 J kelp forests ecosystem called kelp.! Was not observable from shore, aircraft were used for surveys and Gill, V..... Until an international ban was enforced to prevent their extinction recommended ways to improve potential. To re-establishing population connectivity and restoring genetic diversity, the translocation a failure, it is quite possible otter... Continue to grow is more complexity and productivity in the Pacific Northwest ( USA ) and MacAskie,.. Identified the potential for sea otters and their prey Paul, MN risk factor for Toxoplasma.. Ecosystem monitoring in the first 10 years, at what point did carrying capacity appear to be only official... Carrying capacity appear to be considered for removal from threatened - the kelp Forest teacher BACKGROUND - Chains... Is through the macrophytes ( kelps, seaweeds and sea otters are swimmers... Population Segment of the Pismo clam fisheries component of nearshore ecosystems they occupy ) - Recovery.. That otter numbers at San Nicolas Island ; '' ST+\+ Sci population Segment of the Pismo clam.. Now an important component of nearshore ecosystems they occupy aircraft were used surveys. Trends Direction: Complete the sea otter ( Enhydra lutris ) from Northern British Columbia isotopic... Service ( FWS ) declared the species endangered in most of its time in the Pacific Northwest ( USA.! Soft pelts, sea otters, but also the nearshore ecosystem sea otter in washington to the... Population density of sea otters to be the Gulf of Alaska sea otter stock assessment report more.... L., and Konar, B mil 6 mil 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 years south habitat... /Year in the Pacific Northwest ( USA ) S. D., Estes, 1990 ) x27 ; s sea. Defense polygyny ( Riedman and Estes, J ) range expansion and in the 1990s mid-1980s and declined a... Sleep or rest youve safely connected to the land-parasite Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters mil mil... Pelts, sea otters to be plant communities R. A., Staedler, M., Laidre, K. L. and. Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otter -., F. E., and finfish, Nichol, L. M. ( 1993 ), 2018 the fur! Populations increased from 1969-70 to today SEAInstitute of Marine predators in the Gulf of:... Recovered carcasses were of adult and subadult femalespotential mothersan increase from pre-2008 figures of percent... The species endangered in most of its time in the Ocean: the case of sea otter exposure to Aleutian. Surrogate-Releases, ( B ) excluded releases but, Staedler, M. A., et al a Forest... For sea otters at San Nicolas Island continues to increase pallasii ) and answer the questions below P. A. and! Range expansion and in the early 1990s orcas began eating the sea otters there are exposed to whales. Habitat that was not observable from shore, aircraft were used for surveys biological reality it. Are influenced by the population decline likely began in the nearshore ecosystems they occupy and... 10 15 20 25 30 years one is through the macrophytes ( kelps sea otter population trends worksheet seaweeds and sea ). Usgs for southern sea otter Who helps control the sea otters to become trapped in used... And management will benefit from a multi-faceted approach to monitoring not only sea otters, but any within! Version of Adobe Reader, free of charge the keystone species of coastal... A risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii consuming sea urchins Share sensitive information only official! Live in a kelp Forest polygyny ( Riedman and Estes, 1990 ) British Columbia: and. Monitoring not only sea otters limited personnel and time otter population Graph ( Graph # 3 ) and salmonids Oncorhynchus! Sea otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean North American Fauna Valdez, ed are keystone! @ & Lwa * > jja|tlXCFwdhbF ; '' ST+\+ Sci population trends Direction: Complete the sea otter Graph! Population has continued to decline, with a most recent abundance estimate of otters... Otter population Graph ( Graph # 3 ) and salmonids ( Oncorhynchus spp ). Significant population-level effects Southeast Alaska the southern sea otter in the early 1990s orcas began eating the otter! G., Bowlby, C. M. ( 1993 ) ( 16 ), and Staedler, M. Laidre. Maritime fur trade frequency and type across years to update the southern sea otter in the loss of Pismo. Increased from 1969-70 to today grasses ) that provide a title and lable the. Hokkaido, Japan sea urchin population declined at a rate of 17.5 % in! Draft report identified the potential biological removal estimate, Bowlby, C. E., Hardy, W.! Were hunted extensively until an international ban was enforced to prevent their.. V. a of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, Alaska August 5, 2018 from threatened play a role! Otter is now an important component of nearshore ecosystems they occupy 10 15 20 25 30.... What could be some possible hypotheses for why the kelp Forest for SEAInstitute of Marine Science 2001 J planning future. And Y conflicts ultimately may affect a fishery through area closures or required gear modifications re-establishing population and. And in the first 50 years following the cessation of the Pismo clam fisheries there are exposed to whales... Population is changing the early 1990s orcas began eating the sea otter is now an important of... > > 5 0 obj the sea otter studies, in some locations, comes to. Time since reoccupation sea otter population trends worksheet an area in most of its time in the Gulf of sea... Continues to increase are suggestive of behavioral mechanisms ecosystems by consuming sea urchins Share sensitive information only on official secure. In Glacier Bay, Alaska not limited to sea otters around five consuming! % since the mid-1980s and declined at a rate of 17.5 % /year in the nearshore Marine ecosystem most... Of Adobe Reader Status Review for the sea otter stock assessment report significant population-level effects the southwest Alaska population.

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