origin of nigeria

These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . Their history is reflected in the Bayajidda legend,[37] which describes the adventures of the Baghdadi hero Bayajidda culminating in the killing of the snake in the well of Daura and the marriage with the local queen magajiya Daurama. Yar'Adua's presidency was fraught with uncertainty as media reports said he suffered from kidney and heart disease. Alternate titles: Federal Republic of Nigeria, Emeritus Lecturer in the Modern History of Africa, University of Oxford; Emeritus Fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford. Morocco was unable to control the empire and the various provinces, including the Hausa states, became independent. [29] The transition from Neolithic times to the Iron Age apparently was achieved indigenously without intermediate bronze production. Borno regained some of its former might in the succeeding decades, but another drought occurred in the 1790s, again weakening the state. Despite its relative political weakness in this period, Borno's court and mosques under the patronage of a line of scholarly kings earned fame as centres of Islamic culture and learning. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called il coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. [74], The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on 1 October 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country's three regions. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. The Yoruba are especially known for the Oyo Empire that dominated the region. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the leader of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the country's new ruling body. Abacha enforced authority through the federal security system which is accused of numerous human rights abuses, including infringements on freedom of speech, assembly, association, travel, and violence against women. In the 1959 elections, the AG obtained 73 seats.[75]. [42] During the 1950s prior to independence, oil was discovered off the coast of Nigeria. The most mountainous area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the highest points in the country, Chappal Waddi (7,936 feet [2,419 metres]) in the Gotel Mountains and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 metres]) in the Shebshi Mountains. trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. However, on 23 June, Babangida, using several pending lawsuits as a pretence, annulled the election, throwing Nigeria into turmoil. [55] The Nri had a taboo symbolic code with six types. [9][10] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[11]. Respect for the priestly functions of the oni of Ife was a crucial factor in the evolution of Yoruba culture. Many top minds were co-opted with plum jobs in the administration and left academia. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. Head of State Babangida promised to return the country to civilian rule by 1990 which was later extended until January 1993. In October 1963, Nigeria proclaimed itself the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and former Governor-General Nnamdi Azikiwe became the country's first President. However, the Cross River Igbo state like the Aro had the greatest influence in Igboland and adjacent areas after the decline of Nri. Outline Map. Later groups like the Igala traders from the hinterland settled in Onitsha in the 18th century. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nigeria&oldid=1149132929, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Royal Naval Biography (1823), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the RNB (1823) with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Odeyemi, Jacob Oluwole. Archaeological research, pioneered by Charles Thurstan Shaw, has shown a long history of human settlement in Nigeria. There was a fierce legal battle over the results, with the legitimacy of the victory at stake.[91][92]. A student reacts during a parade to commemorate Nigeria's 55th Independence Day in Lagos, October 1, 2015. The Niger delta is a vast low-lying region through which the waters of the Niger River drain into the Gulf of Guinea. [53], Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri hegemony in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[54] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. 1.5: Nigerian Culture and History is shared under a not declared license . [16], The Hausa Kingdoms were first mentioned by Ya'qubi in the 9th century and they were by the 15th-century vibrant trading centers competing with KanemBornu and the Mali Empire. The Benin Empire (14401897; called Bini by locals) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. The history of Nigeria can be traced back to as early as 11,000 BC when a number of ancient African communities inhabited the area that now makes Nigeria. "The Crisis in Research and Academic Publishing in Nigerian Universities" (2002). [34], Borno's history is closely associated with Kanem, which had achieved imperial status in the Lake Chad basin by the 13th century. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja[28][29] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi. While that may be a lot of people, population . In subsequent attempts to reconvene the Western parliament, similar disturbances broke out. However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. Obasanjo had recently stated on national radio that he would "deal firmly" with election fraud and violence advocated by "highly placed individuals." Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. There are reports that civilization already existed in Ile-Ife (the citadel of Yoruba civilization), Nigeria by the 8th century, centuries before the arrival of the British colonial administration. Chairs were thrown and one member grabbed the parliamentary Mace and wielded it like a weapon to attack the Speaker and other members. The famous Kano Chronicle records the conversion of Kano's ruling dynasty by clerics from Mali, demonstrating that the imperial influence of Mali extended far to the east. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. Nigerias major soil zones conform to geographic location. Thus the North dominated the federation government from the beginning of independence. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Author of, Professor of History, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Akintunde Akinleye/Reuters. Key Facts. Borno reached its pinnacle under mai Idris Aloma (ca. But the elections were marred by violence and allegations of widespread voter fraud included missing returns, polling places failing to open, and obvious rigging of results. The constitution includes provisions for a bicameral legislature, the National Assembly consisting of a 360-member House of Representatives and a 109-member Senate. At Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria, the Islamic Legitimist school arose that rejected Western models in favour of the scholarly tradition of the Sokoto Caliphate and the Islamic world. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and Kanem, which were not within the boundaries of modern Nigeria but which influenced the history of the Nigerian savanna. On 1 October 1995 Abacha announced the timetable for a three-year transition to civilian rule. History of Nigeria The Name: NIGERIA The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. Unlike the forest-bound Yoruba kingdoms, Oyo was in the savanna and drew its military strength from its cavalry forces, which established hegemony over the adjacent Nupe and the Borgu kingdoms and thereby developed trade routes farther to the north. The Ibadan School began to decline in importance in the 1970s. In October 1989 the government established two parties, the National Republican Convention (NRC) and the Social Democratic Party (SDP); other parties were not allowed to register. Pin the Capital on the Country: Fact or Fiction? [101], In the 2007 general election, Umaru Yar'Adua and Goodluck Jonathan, both of the People's Democratic Party, were elected president and Vice President, respectively. . B. Webster, R. J. Gavin, Robert Smith, and John D. Omer-Cooper. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. 34 which sought to unify the nation. This lack of communication left the new acting President Jonathan with no knowledge of his predecessor's plans. Finidi George was the first Nigerian to play and score in the UCL semi-final as Ajax defeated Bayern Munich 5-2 at the Amsterdam Arena in the second leg to win 5-2 on aggregate in 1995. Although these soils can readily be leached and lose their fertility, they are the most productive agriculturally. "Africa's most populous country (population estimated at 48 million) is in the throes of a highly complex internal crisis rooted in its artificial origin as a British dependency containing over 250 diverse and often antagonistic tribal groups. While the hero had a child with the queen, Bawo, and another child with the queen's maid-servant, Karbagari. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Nok artwork; 5th century BC 5th century AD; length: 50cm (19.6in. As a colony, it was initially divided into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. Author of. But Benin's fame is based on factors other than power. Iboland is an overpopulated, economically depressed area where massive unemployment is likely to continue for many years. Eventually, the police with tear gas were required to quell the riot. The troops are poorly trained and disciplined and some of the officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting. Jaja Wachuku replaced Sir Frederick Metcalfe of Britain. [62][63], The Arochukwu kingdom emerged after the Aro-Ibibio Wars from 1630 to 1720, and went on to form the Aro Confederacy which economically dominated Eastern Nigerian hinterland. The Lake Chad basin and the coastal areas, including the Niger River delta and the western parts of the Sokoto region in the far northwest, are underlain by soft, geologically young sedimentary rocks. "The petroleum industry is expanding faster than expected and oil revenues will help defray military and social service expenditures "Nigeria emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national pride mixed with an anti-foreign sentiment, and an intention to play a larger role in African and world affairs." Corrections? In the vote, widespread electoral fraud was alleged and riots erupted in the Yoruba West where heartlands of the AG discovered they had apparently elected pro-government NNDP representatives. Islam was used to reinforce the political and social structures of the state although many established customs were maintained. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. The Ife model of government was adapted at Oyo, where a member of its ruling dynasty controlled several smaller city-states. With the increase of resource spending and oil exportation, Nigerian GDP and HDI (Human Development Index) have risen phenomenally since the economically stagnant rule of Sani Abacha, but the primary population still survives on less than US$2 per day. Queen 's maid-servant, Karbagari leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War tropical. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) Governor-General Nnamdi Azikiwe the! And Lagos Colony succeeding decades, but another drought occurred in the 18th century thrown and one member grabbed parliamentary... Nnamdi Azikiwe became the country 's new ruling body Military Council ( SMC ), the country first! 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