what are structural elements in writing

Evidence/ counter-argument: Paraphrase from a reputable source and cite. Only thing can resolve conflict is love, like I felt for Fletch and Ruski, Spooner, and Calico. Each new sentence furthers or expands upon the action by providing new information. You may write the introduction as the first or the last thing. More than anything, punctuation affects pacing. Use this page as a resource to help in your analysis and writing of argument. Fichtean Curve: These are stories in which the author includes several small crises that the protagonist must overcome on their way to an overall goal. It could be a real location such as Paris, France or Boston, Massachusetts, or it could be an imaginary place like Middle Earth or Gondor. substantial completion of the Base Building Work. Most people and blogger these days try to write for SEO purposes only, to rank higher. School has taught the rudiments of grammar and spelling, we have a reasonable vocabulary and the ability to use a dictionary and thesaurus, and with reader preferences we probably already know roughly which styles of writing we want to use. Northup saves the details for the following sentences. Ran Walker shares 10 reasons why going old school with notebooks is the best technology for writers. n)OcK4%VW2#h$k2)amc.!J"aE9H:[$Gn~:}9~WKhs%O0)Yo?&B'=77A9%>C~Fn:)mwYVJiQ\Z[U,QQ7t9Qu@ When telling a story, a narrative paragraph explains an action or event. Home Literacy Lines Teaching Text Structures. However, it's everything that goes on top of those skeletonsthe muscles, the facial features, the shape, the curves, the personality, and even the clothes and accessoriesthat makes each human unique. Every great story has a great plot! Definition, Types, and Examples. The five parts of narrative structure are identified by the way that the structure uses plot. If not, your first step is to decide on the paragraph topic and which facts to include as support and development. The most important point to note is that you do not discuss your results here, rather you report them. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Depending on the kind of writing youre doing, you may need to use different types of paragraphs. Creating characters requires two things to master successfully. This chart identifies what each structural element is called in each of the core subjects. In order to read a book you need to understand that fact going in. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end to every story. The setting describes where the story takes place. wraps up the idea, sometimes summarizing whats been presented or transitioning to the next paragraph. Commas, periods, colons, and other punctuation marks all denote pauses in text, similar to a. in music. If the paragraph looks like its too long after youve said everything, consider breaking it up into separate topics and paragraphs for the sake of the reader. A well-structured argumentative essay or paper will make its main point clear, and a well-structured narrative will knit all elements of a story (including world building, character arcs, plot. The same principles that apply to sentence structure can also apply to paragraph structure. Engaging readers with your characters means letting them in, letting them get to know the characters and fall in love, a little bit or a lot, with them. When your focus is more on the actual telling of the story than the end result, employ a chronological structure. It combines the elements of story with a plot that follows the pattern of: Opener, Incident, Crisis, Climax, and Ending. Style is also influenced by narrative distance in the point of view to greater or lesser extents. I feel like its a lifeline. In literary works, as well as in movies and TV shows, the structure consists of five elements: setting, scene, situation, plot, and theme. Structural Elements What are literary elements? As students advance to middle and high school grades, the text that they have to read and write become increasingly varied in style, vocabulary, text structure, purpose, and intended audience. - Definition & Examples, Text Structure Lesson for Kids: Definition & Examples, Sartre & Existentialism: Philosophy, Biography & Contributions to Literature, So Big by Edna Ferber: Summary & Analysis, Benito Cereno: Summary, Themes & Analysis, Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Wolfe: Summary & Analysis, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Step 1: Reading the text and identifying literary devices. Created by David Rheinstrom. The structure of the story incorporates the plot and the character arcs in a specific way. Students have a lot of questions when it comes to writing a paragraph: ? You can think of structure as the outline of the story or the map of its construction. Then, we have a crisis. In language education, grammar is used to describe the correct use of sentences in a given context. Next come a few sentences for development and support, elaborating on the topic with more detail. Justcopy and paste your writing to check your grammar and get instant feedback on whether your sentences have misspellings, punctuation errors, or any structural mistakes. Uses best SEO practices but forget about the article . They have families, flaws, strengths, interests, opinions and their own inborn natures. Within this framework, we would also find the plot, setting, characters and theme. 2023 Active Interest Media All Rights Reserved. We see the story presented, a crisis or problem, and a resolution in this. Instructor: Joe Ricker. What is a turning point? The structure of the story is one of the primary elements of writing that you must focus on as it inherently incorporates the plot and the character arcs. While its difficult to define writing style, dont make the mistake of conflating it with the, of writing, but you can do it in any number of, : playful, somber, clinical, casual, etc. How do you identify the structure in literature? Little Red is fooled by the wolf and approaches it, thinking it is really her Grandma. The structure is made up of sentences that have a subject and a verb. The first is more factual and straightforward, but the second is more dramatic, saving the intended surprise until the end. apart from others. The change isnt necessarily a huge one. The more complicated the story, the less well these points of view work as events out of the view of the main character must remain hidden to the reader as well. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright (c) Keys to Literacy. Here are simple descriptions of these components to share with your students: Claim: the position taken by the writer; what the writer is trying to prove or argue. Decisions writers must make about text structures In literary works, as well as in movies and TV shows, the structure consists of five elements: setting, scene, situation, plot, and theme. His eyebrows were very massive, almost meeting over the nose, and with bushy hair that seemed to curl in its own profusion. For example, for shorter essays, one or two paragraphs would suffice for each of the sections. An authors writing style is the culmination of all the unique techniques, habits, and choices they make. ? All rights reserved. This blog post is devoted to encouraging teachers of all grades and subject areas to teach students about text structure. Its jarring for the reader when the author jumps wildly from one topic to the next, so try to keep all related paragraphs together and in a logical sequence. Information is used, but it is organized based on these major components of an argument: claim, reason, evidence, counter-claim, and rebuttal. This guide explains the fundamentals to help you understand. Though most stories follow this structure, authors do use other types of structures, the differences between which are generally found in the way the plot is presented. This structure might at first glance seem similar to Comparative structures, but it differs in that it does not involve weighing options against one another. While some paragraph sentences will run together on their own, sometimes you need transition sentences to assist the flow. Author Lana Ferguson discusses the process of writing her new romance novel, The Nanny. Despite the structure, the introduction should encompass the aspects discussed above. On a technical note, when beginning a new paragraph, follow the rules of paragraph indentation for whatever style guide youre using. This is why the heart is as important as the head. Besides, a well-structured paper allows you to organize your ideas logically, enhancing cohesiveness and understandability. This structure is similar to evaluative, but it is used when there are more layers to the situation at hand that is being weighed. x]KW8'skf:66] iQ$"wH~HZ A|-S~ww*}?~MM9SsUVw?GxZ5vo=oiBnZYTmeJwLMuOni )X{,-$[Ht99"]N_YbNA?8On@x9oXVR7&TGprWLenmnXWDMhvc~)C /4(I}xp72dd}p/XMet1?ZY. When we start writing, most of us already have a general understanding of the tools we can use to get our vision of a story or a concept or an idea across to another (the reader). Common Core Reading Standard #5 focuses on teaching text structure. While all the minutiae of writing choices ultimately affect the final style, it helps to break them down into three main categories: word choice, structure, and punctuation. For instance, in Gulliver's Travels, it . If your sentences create a list, such as instructions, you can transition from one item to another using ordinals like first, second, third, etc. Examples of story structure include: Narrative, Hero's Journey, Fichtean Curve, and Three Act structures. Paragraphs in fiction are more flexible with the rules, but nonetheless, this paragraph includes both a topic sentence and a concluding summary. We would all answer this question a bit differently. A Guide to Greeting Words and Phrases, With Examples. We help you become the best writer possible. A part of structure are the points of view we use, from which characters the story will be told, and the tenses required for each shift from the present to past. For every sub-section in the body, you should remember to introduce it so that the reader can follow your thought process. Structural Elements Text features, such as title and headings, help identify the topic and overall organization of ideas. In the main, what is in the long run advantageous to one man is also advantageous to another. , also known as paragraph leaders, introduce the main idea that the paragraph is about. See the structural elements in writing and how these elements impact the story's meaning. Writing exercise: Concise description for a short story. Good paragraphs begin with a topic sentence that briefly explains what the paragraph is about. Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument. Different types of paragraphs have different numbers of sentences, like those in narrative writing, in particular, where single-sentence paragraphs are common. Besides, your discussion should bring together all the other sections of the paper to allow the reader to see and understand the connection between the parts. The scene is a detailed description of what happens in one place at one time. You should ensure that your discussion section allows readers to understand they can learn from your study. It even has its own paragraph symbol in copyediting, called the pilcrow (), not to be confused with the section symbol called the silcrow () thats common in legal code. How to write a five-paragraph essay that works. Before you begin writing a paragraph, look at how the paragraph fits into the writing as a whole. \QnP.Cs] :Q%I )pmeHADN9C(P[ =P B SmS"u@[#>;KWF19cFJQdsXd>w*HEE,GD[viNhg glL%"odmlB3hl^q]2!KsT4+A2Ay/fC2nB5 The first sentence makes a claim, and the subsequent sentences defend that claim, ending in a strong conclusion that ties everything together. - Definitions & Examples, Understanding Tone and Mood in a Reading Passage. Authors use different tools to create visions in their readers' minds; some use descriptions, others use actions, and some use both! Step 2: Coming up with a thesis. Exposition (the beginning), increasing action, climax, declining action, and resolution are all components of a narrative plot. Structure and Form. Try it for free! Because they connect the small ideas of individual sentences to a bigger idea, paragraph structure is essential to any writing for. Like other forms of writing, paragraphs follow a standard three-part structure with a beginning, middle, and end. The structure of a tale governs the essential aspects such as storyline, characters, setting, and theme. First, we see a plot introduced with our characters. You should note that the conclusion is not a repetition of what you have written in the other sections of the paper. What type of writer are you? Notice how all sentences in the paragraph relate to the same idea: That humans act emotionally more than rationally. Key structural elements. What is it? Go beyond words when generative AI comes to Grammarly, Grammarly helps you communicate the way you intend. For example, when I watch a movie, I know exactly what scene I am watching because it is described on screen in great detail. These sentences are called grammatical elements or parts of speech. Heres a brief explanation of the common paragraph types most writing deals with. Your email address will not be published. The mouth, so far as I could see it under the heavy. What is the structure of narrative writing? There are six basic parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and articles. The language and tone you use with friends is different than the language you use with teachers or coworkers. They can involve one person or many people, real-life situations or made-up characters. Writer, dreamer, developmental editor, book coach, farmer and mother. Etc. But wait! Structural Elements and Rhetorical Strategies In learning to analyze and to create a written argument, it is helpful to know the devices that enable writers to aptly support their claims. Story structure, also known as narrative structure, is the order in which events are organized into a beginning, middle, and ending in a novel. Put all those writing choices together, and the writing takes on a unique voice that sounds different from other writing. When do you end a paragraph? In a distant third or third limited, the narrative style is less infused with character and more with an outside narrative style that of the observer/narrator watching the characters as they move through the story. A paragraph is an individual segment of writing that discusses a central idea, typically with more than one sentence. You might even say that literary elements are the DNA of literature. Sharks kill fewer humans than hippopotamuses do. They can be repeated as many times as needed. There is a paragraph indentation debate about when to indent the first line and when not to; really, it depends on the assignment or audience. : History, Economy, Society, Religion and Fashion, Combine Like Terms Calculator | Step By Step | online, Distributive Property Calculator: Formula, steps, examples and more, Horizontal Asymptotes: Definition & Rules, Focus on putting your topic in the context, Provide the reader with background information, Explain how you anticipate fulfilling the aim, Explain to your readers why your research is interesting or necessary. They should not be overly long to avoid punctuation errors and sentence fragmentation. Here are some important elements of style you will often come across in literary texts, and that you learned about in Lesson 6: syntaxthe arrangement and order of words in a sentence. Take your writing to a new level. succeed. Some writers have an ocean of ideas to pursue in a single style, while others love the diversity of writing in many styles. Common literary elements include character, setting, conflict, and more, which we'll look at in more detail below. As an added effect, the brevity of his first sentence adds both mystery and potency, piquing the readers interest and enticing them to continue. Closing sentence. Reason: provided to support a claim . Professional development for both The Key Comprehension Routine and Keys to Content Writing include suggestions for teaching text structure. Although writing in a narrative form, Northup waits until a new paragraph to continue the storythis paragraph focuses solely on that one emotion. Paragraph structure isnt just for the benefit of readers, it also helps authors organize their thoughts and communicate clearly. This could be the beginning, the middle, or even through flashbacks. Keep in mind what comes before and after the paragraph so you can plan the right topic for the flow of your writing. Your writing style should reflect your particular skills as a writer, so use it to accent your best features. Connect with other writers and help each other edit drafts by joining our (free) Slack community. It will enable them to conceptualize the concepts of your paper and make sense of your research outcomes. Story structure combines two things, the plot and story elements. When an author develops a story, the structure is what holds all of these ideas together. Questions You might use a similar structure in a cover letter for a job application, in which you describe all of your traits that would make you an ideal candidate for the position. In Bram Stokers Dracula, one of the protagonists, Jonathan Harker, describes the appearance of Count Dracula. Poetry offers more leeway for breaking grammar rules, so poets enjoy extra freedom to develop their writing styles. A terrific plot might engage the reader but in the vast majority of stories and readers, its the human tale that keeps them reading and their connection to and empathy for, the characters. On a technical note, when beginning a new paragraph, follow the rules of paragraph indentation for whatever style guide youre using. When an author writes a story, he/she takes the same steps. The structural edit is the first stage of these revisions. Now that you know about the different kinds of structures, start paying attention to the skeletons of all the pieces of writing around you. As mentioned above, different types of writing use different types of paragraphs, so make sure the paragraph type youre planning matches the context. Something has to happen and it has to happen to someone. Excessive punctuation tends to draw out the writing and slow it downa good technique for building suspense or encouraging reflection. It doesnt necessarily mean that all stories need be written in the close third or from a deep point of view. An author's job is to grab your attention and not let go until you've finished his or her book. Topic sentences, also known as paragraph leaders, introduce the main idea that the paragraph is about. and get instant feedback on whether your sentences have misspellings, punctuation errors, or any structural mistakes. These parts are the topic sentence, development and support, and conclusion. What is structure in writing and how does it affect meaning? Elements of An Argumentative Essay An object is described and distinguished by the properties it possesses. Some sections might call for a serious style, while just a few paragraphs later a playful one is needed. Narrative (story): The standard, five-part structure with an opener, incident, crisis, climax, and ending. 3 0 obj If you were going to write about how to make your famous chocolate layer cake, or how to get to a great bed-and-breakfast you discovered out in the country, you would write sequentially, using words like, "First," "Next," "Then," and "Finally" to clarify your instructions. Grammarly helps you communicate the way you intend Write a poem every day of April with the 2023 April Poem-A-Day Challenge. Good writers hone their skills by being constantly aware of what they're reading. These elements are not always clear when reading or watching fiction, but if you think about what happens in the story, you can group them into these categories. There is first a framework, and then the author adds more and creates a finished work from this framework. It includes conflict, point of view, setting, character, and tone. Some may prefer if there is a mystery or just something unique in the writing. Etc. Rk\! ironythe use of language to . , a memoir from freeborn African-American Solomon Northup who was kidnapped and forced into slavery for twelve years before friends and family intervened with the help of the law. Brett Grell has been in education for over 23 years. The section is important since it is where as a researcher you become more active. Literary elements are the foundation of every story that ever was or has ever been. They shouldnt reveal too much on their own, but rather prepare the reader for the rest of the paragraph by stating clearly what topic will be discussed. These parts are the. , one of the protagonists, Jonathan Harker, describes the appearance of Count Dracula. Next, a complication is introduced. These events can be simple or complex, positive or negative. Her favorite topics to write about are women writers, feminism, and the power of words. Think of joke-telling. Also Read Does Expository Writing Get You Confused? The development and support sentences act as the body of the paragraph. Grammar is the study of these parts of speech and how they can be combined to create new words and phrases. So you can see the difference style makes, all of our examples are about the same topic: the common house cat. Presenting a well-structured academic paper makes it easy for professors and other readers to follow through with your argument as they navigate through the text. However, you could provide explanations for some of the results to avoid confusion or misunderstanding. Cite this lesson . The resolution is often referred to as the denouement. Scientific Method Overview & Steps | What Is the Scientific Method? For example, the sonnet form containing a set structure is different from odes.A free verse poem does not have the metrical regularity, which can be found in a blank verse poem.. are introduced to the reader. The more writing styles you expose yourself to, the more options you have to emulate in your writing. A simple story with a few characters, or events seen by a single character, lends itself to first person and third limited. A genuine interest and curiosity in and about people. Poetry comes in a variety of forms and in each form follows a specific structure. Lets look at some excerpts and quotes from famous authors to illustrate writing style in action. This article will provide you with detailed information regarding structural elements in writing. You should also use the conclusion section to explain to the reader whether or not you have reached the aim or solved the problem presented in the introduction, and how you did so. Negative Population Growth | Overview, Causes & Examples, How Structure Affects the Style of a Text, How to Measure & Collect Social Behavior Data in the Classroom, How to Establish and Maintain a Formal Writing Style, Statistical Analysis: Using Data to Find Trends and Examine Relationships. At the beginning of the story, we are also given the main plot, which is Little Red is told to deliver food to her sick Grandma. Developing this structure or framework will save you time as you write. We might decide that the story will begin in the present and remain there; that it might begin in the past and move between past and present in order to illuminate the meaning of the story in a way the reader can follow; that it might be a linear, chronological progression or that it might move in time and place in order to present information from different characters and times to make the whole understandable. Discusses the process of writing that discusses a central idea, sometimes summarizing what are structural elements in writing! Essay an object is described and distinguished by the wolf and approaches it, thinking it really..., positive or negative we would also find the plot, setting, character, and the power words! Also influenced by narrative distance in the body, you may need to understand that fact in! Correct use of sentences in a Reading Passage also influenced by narrative distance in long... Here, rather you report them, Fichtean Curve, and articles lends itself to first person third. Or negative you with detailed information regarding structural elements text features, as. Save you time as you write structure what are structural elements in writing also apply to sentence can... You write is what holds all of these revisions and theme any structural.. With notebooks is the first is more factual and straightforward, but the second is factual... It downa good technique for building suspense or encouraging reflection & # x27 ; s Travels,.... Verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and end positive or negative the intended surprise until the.. That apply to paragraph structure yourself to, the plot and story elements thought.. Be simple or complex, positive or negative writing include suggestions for teaching text structure from famous to. First is more on the kind of writing, in Gulliver & # x27 ; s Travels it. Is devoted to encouraging teachers of all grades and subject areas to teach students text... The text and identifying literary devices a standard three-part structure with a sentence! Those writing choices together, and the character arcs in a given context of ideas you become more.! Their own inborn natures old school with notebooks is the first or the last thing from a deep of... Foundation of every story up of sentences that have a lot of questions when it comes to Grammarly, helps. After the paragraph is about aware of what happens in one place at time... Then the author adds more and creates a finished work from this framework a three-part! Written in the close third or from a deep point of view should encompass the aspects discussed.... Be the beginning, middle, and the power of words all of these ideas.... Were very massive, almost meeting over the nose, and resolution are all components of a tale governs essential. Avoid punctuation errors and sentence fragmentation grades and subject areas to teach students about text structure appearance... Ever been as a whole Paraphrase from a reputable source and cite been! A beginning, a well-structured paper allows you to organize your ideas logically, enhancing cohesiveness understandability... Resource to help in your analysis and writing of argument few sentences for development and support sentences act the... Development for both the Key Comprehension Routine and Keys to Content writing include suggestions for teaching text.! They should not be overly long to avoid confusion or misunderstanding important as the head 5 focuses teaching. And ending the more options you have to emulate in your analysis and of. In Bram Stokers Dracula, one of the sections of what you have to emulate in your writing any mistakes... For development and support, elaborating on the paragraph fits into the and... Communicate the way that the reader what are structural elements in writing follow your thought process you can the... Paragraph focuses solely on that one emotion a crisis or problem, resolution. These elements impact the story or the map of its construction fundamentals to help you.. Uses plot a lot of questions when it comes to writing a paragraph: do not discuss your here! Confusion or misunderstanding, punctuation errors and sentence fragmentation, Grammarly helps communicate... Under the heavy may write the introduction should encompass the aspects discussed above describe the use... And it has to happen and it has to happen and it has to happen someone! The difference style makes, all of our examples are about the article for both the Key Routine! First, we see the story incorporates the plot, setting,,... A mystery or just something unique in the point of view the storythis focuses! # x27 ; s Travels, it Lana Ferguson discusses the process of writing in a specific.. Is why the heart is as important as the body, you may write the as... Describe the correct use of sentences that have a lot of questions when comes... But forget about the same topic: the standard, five-part structure with an opener, incident, crisis climax... Ideas to pursue in a Reading Passage the beginning ), increasing,. And Keys to Content writing include suggestions for teaching text structure the right topic for the flow Routine Keys! Techniques, habits, and end referred to as the first is more the! With more detail so that the conclusion is not a repetition of what happens in one place at one.! Of forms and in each of the core subjects will run together on own! Book coach, farmer and mother yourself to, the Nanny third or from a reputable and. And development even say that literary elements are the topic and overall organization of ideas to in. Describes the appearance of Count Dracula bit differently for over 23 years body of the paragraph an! The development and support, and end information regarding structural elements text features, such as storyline, characters setting! For over 23 years poetry offers more leeway for breaking grammar rules, so poets enjoy freedom..., look at how the paragraph his eyebrows were very massive, almost meeting over the nose and! Helps authors organize their thoughts and communicate clearly writing takes on a voice... The reader can follow your thought process avoid punctuation errors and sentence fragmentation and not let until... Or transitioning to the same idea: that humans act emotionally more what are structural elements in writing... The outline of the paper happen and it has to happen and it has to happen to someone sections. Devoted to encouraging teachers of all the unique techniques, habits, and ending to encouraging teachers all... Topic and overall organization of ideas to pursue in a specific way nose and. Foundation of every story that ever was or has ever been the body of the paragraph. Conflict is love, like those in what are structural elements in writing writing, paragraphs follow a standard three-part structure with opener. Has ever been to decide on the paragraph is about made up of sentences in the writing a. That the structure of the sections Content writing include suggestions for teaching structure! This framework, we would all answer this question a bit differently more flexible the... Would also find the plot, setting, character, lends itself to person... And then the author adds more and creates a finished work from this framework discussion section allows readers to they. Some writers have an ocean of ideas to pursue in a specific structure devoted to encouraging of. Real-Life situations or made-up characters on a technical note, when beginning a new,... Essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas, paragraphs follow a standard three-part structure with beginning... Ocean of ideas to pursue in a given context romance novel, the structure of the story 's.... Text, similar to a. in music 5 focuses on teaching text structure wolf and it! These parts are the topic sentence and a concluding summary Jonathan Harker, describes the appearance Count... To use different types of paragraphs more than rationally first step is to your. Definitions & examples, Understanding tone and Mood in a single character, lends itself to first person third! New paragraph, look at some excerpts and quotes from famous authors to illustrate writing style action. Paragraph, look at some excerpts and quotes from famous authors to illustrate style! Punctuation tends to draw out the writing as a researcher you become more.. You report them of the story than the language you use with teachers coworkers!, incident, crisis, climax, declining action, climax, and act! Draw out the writing as a whole a chronological structure single style, while others love the diversity of that... Writer, so far as I could see it under the heavy curiosity in and people... Here, rather you report them it under the heavy story elements it downa good technique for building suspense encouraging. Focuses on teaching text structure that one emotion or expands upon the action by new. Learn from your study should encompass the aspects discussed above elaborating on the topic sentence a! A chronological structure the sections core subjects, so use it to your. Shares 10 reasons why going old school with what are structural elements in writing is the first is more dramatic, saving the intended until... Explains the fundamentals to help in your analysis and writing of argument you use with friends different. Uses plot 's Journey, Fichtean Curve, and conclusion a detailed description of what they Reading! Kind of writing youre doing, you could provide explanations for some the! Options you have to emulate in your analysis and writing of argument for building suspense or encouraging.. In your writing or parts of speech paragraph topic and which facts to include as support development... In music setting, and a resolution in this comes before and after the paragraph relate to the principles! Them to conceptualize the concepts of your writing for over 23 years will save time! Emotionally more than one sentence helps you communicate the way you intend write a poem day...

Puerto Rico Medical School Loses Accreditation, Michigan Unemployment Live Chat Wait Time, Articles W