sallust bellum catilinae summary

The remainder Catiline conducted, over rugged mountains, and by forced marches, into the neighborhood of Pistoria, with a view to escape covertly, by cross roads, into Gaul. In birth and beauty, in her husband and her children, she was extremely fortunate; she was skilled in Greek and Roman literature; she could sing, play, and dance, with greater elegance than became a woman of virtue, and possessed many other accomplishments that tend to excite the passions. Free postage. For those, whom Catiline had previously sent to those parts, had begun, without consideration and seemingly with madness, to attempt everything at once, and, by nocturnal meetings, by removing armor and weapons from place to place, and by hurrying and confusing everything, had created more alarm than danger. Whatever shall fall on the traitors, will fall on them justly; but it is for you, Conscript Fathers, to consider well what you resolve to inflict on others. At one time Marcus Porcius Latro was considered a candidate for the authorship of the pseudo-Sallustian corpus, but this view is no longer commonly held. He had also persuaded his colleague, Antonius, by an arrangement respecting their provinces, to entertain no sentiments of disaffection towards the state; and he kept around him, though without ostentation, a guard of his friends and dependents. 60 When he had made a complete survey, he gave the signal with the trumpet, and ordered the cohorts to advance slowly. [11] He received a very good education. For another part of this debate, look at Cicero, In Catilinam 4. Citizens contended with citizens in nothing but honor. [15] However, the evidence is unclear; some scholars suggest he never held the post. 39 After Pompey, however, was sent to the maritime and Mithridatic wars, the power of the people was diminished and the influence of the few increased. A separate page lists some of these for aid in reading. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. These barbarians, as some say, had been unable to endure his unjust, haughty, and cruel orders; but others assert that this body of cavalry, being old and trusty adherents of Pompey, attacked Piso at his instigation, since the Spaniards, they observe, had never before committed such an outrage, but had patiently submitted to many severe commands. But, of his whole army, only about a fourth part had the proper weapons of soldiers; the rest, as chance had equipped them, carried darts, spears, or sharpened stakes. The corrupt morals of the state, too, which extravagance and selfishness, pernicious and contending vices, rendered thoroughly depraved, furnished him with additional incentives to action. When Lentulus had been let down into this place, certain men, to whom orders had been given, strangled him with a cord. Catiline's War & the Jugurthine War : Latin Text [Latin] by Sallust. But when their state, from an accession of population and territory, and an improved condition of morals, showed itself tolerably flourishing and powerful, envy, as is generally the case m human affairs, was the consequence of its prosperity. All those, too, who were of any party opposed to that of the senate, were desirous rather that the state should be embroiled, than that they themselves should be out of power. WebSallust, Bellum Catilinae. When, therefore, he had learned his route from some deserters, he immediately broke up his camp, and took his post at the very foot of the hills, at the point where Catilines descent would be, in his hurried march into Gaul. His brief style influenced, among others, Widukind of Corvey and Wipo of Burgundy. In a word, she was distinguished by much refinement of wit, and much grace of expression. But as soon as a prospect of change, in this dubious state of affairs, had presented itself, the old spirit of contention awakened their passions; and had Catiline, in his first battle, come off victorious, or left the struggle undecided, great distress and calamity must certainly have fallen upon the state, nor would those, who might at last have gained the ascendancy, have been allowed to enjoy it long, for some superior power would have wrested dominion and liberty from them when weary and exhausted. But the Romans, active at home and in the field, prepared with alacrity for their defense. XIX.Speech to the conspirators, XX.His promises to them, XXI.His supposed ceremony to unite them, XXII.His designs discovered by Fulvia, XXIII.His alarm on the election of Cicero to the consulship, and his design in engaging women in his cause, XXIV.His accomplice, Sempronia, characterized, XXV.His ambition of the consulship, his plot to assassinate Cicero, and his disappointment in both, XXVI.His mission of Manlius into Etruria, and his second convention of the conspirators, XXVII.His second attempt to kill Cicero; his directions to Manlius well observed, XXVIII.His machinations induce the Senate to confer extraordinary power on the consuls, XXIX.His proceedings are opposed by various precautions, XXX.His effrontery in the Senate, XXXI.He sets out for Etruria, XXXII.His accomplice, Manlius, sends a deputation to Marcius, XXXIII.His representations to various respectable characters, XXXIV.His letter to Catulus, XXXV.His arrival at Manliuss camp; he is declared an enemy by the Senate; his adherents continue faithful and resolute, XXXVI.The discontent and disaffection of the populace in Rome, XXXVII.The old contentions between the patricians and plebeians, XXXVIII.The effect which a victory of Catiline would have produced, XXXIX.The Allobroges are solicited to engage in the conspiracy, XL.They discover it to Cicero, XLI.The incaution of Catilines accomplices in Gaul and Italy, XLII.The plans of his adherents at Rome, XLIII.The Allobroges succeed in obtaining proofs of the conspirators guilt, XLIV.The Allobroges and Volturcius are arrested by the contrivance of Cicero, XLV.The principal conspirators at Rome are brought before the Senate, XLVI.The evidence against them, and their consignment to custody, XLVII.The alteration in the minds of the populace, and the suspicions entertained against Crassus, XLVIII.The attempts of Catulus and Piso to criminate Caesar, XLIX.The plans of Lentulus and Cethegus for their rescue, and the deliberations of the Senate, L.The speech of Caesar on the mode of punishing the conspirators, LI.The speech of Cato on the same subject, LII.The condemnation of the prisoners; the causes of Roman greatness, LIII.Parallel between Caesar and Cato, LIV.The execution of the criminals, LV.Catilines warlike preparations in Etruria, LVI.He is compelled by Metellus and Antonius to hazard an action, LVII.His exhortation to his men, LVIII.His arrangements, and those of his opponents, for the battle, LIX.His bravery, defeat, and death, LX., LXI. [69] The core narrative of moral decline prevalent in Sallust's works, is now criticised as crowding out the his own examination of the structural and socio-economic factors that brought about the crisis of the republic while also manipulating historical facts to make them fit his moralistic thesis; he, however, is credited as "a clear-sighted and impartial interpreter of his own age".[70]. Similar caution, Conscript Fathers, is to be observed by yourselves, that the guilt of Lentulus, and the other conspirators, may not have greater weight with you than you own dignity, and that you may not regard your indignation more than your character. 58 I am well aware, soldiers, that words cannot inspire courage; and that a spiritless army cannot be rendered active, or a timid army valiant, by the speech of its commander. The pitfalls of over-working the tragic reading of Sallust can be found in Biichners summary of the history of efforts wherein Sallusts work was forced into five acts. It appears to me, therefore, more reasonable to pursue glory by means of the intellect than of bodily strength, and, since the life which we enjoy is short, to make the remembrance of us as lasting as possible. The enemy made an obstinate resistance; and both sides contended with the utmost fury. [31] It is not clear why: Sallust was not a skilled general; the province was militarily significant. Sallusts Contribution to Roman Historiography 4. In the first place, such as everywhere took the lead in crime and profligacy, with others who had squandered their fortunes in dissipation, and, in a word, all whom vice and villainy had driven from their homes, had flocked to Rome as a general receptacle of impurity. Here he assembled the senate, and in a very full attendance of that body, introduced Volturcius with the deputies. To hope for safety in flight, when you have turned away from the enemy the arms by which the body is defended, is indeed madness. Now, for the first time, the youth, as soon as they were able to bear the toils of war, acquired military skill by actual service in the camp, and took pleasure rather in splendid arms and military steeds than in the society of mistresses and convivial indulgence. [50], On the whole, antiquity looked favourably on Sallust as a historian. Two years later, designated praetor, he was sent to quell a mutiny among Caesars troops, again without success. 57 When it was reported in his camp, however, that the conspiracy had been discovered at Rome, and that Lentulus, Cethegus, and the rest whom I have named, had been put to death, most of those whom the hope of plunder, or the love of change, had led to join in the war, fell away. 3. When the mind is freely exerted, its reasoning is sound; but passion, if it gain possession of it, becomes its tyrant, and reason is powerless. His first political office, which he held in 52, was that of a tribune of the plebs. At length, when they had promised their assistance, he let them depart. I am aware, too, that whatever advantages or evils affect you, the same affect me, and to have the same desires and the same aversions, is assuredly a firm bond of friendship. In Sallusts view, Catilines crime and the danger he presented were unprecedented. For as the passions of each, according to his years, appeared excited, he furnished mistresses to some, bought horses and dogs for others, and spared, in a word, neither his purse nor his character, if he could but make them his devoted and trustworthy supporters. Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (/slst/; 86 c.35 BC),[1] was a Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. But nothing was ever less valued by her than honor or chastity. It is always unbounded and insatiable, and is abated neither by abundance nor by want. But why, in the name of the immortal gods, did you not add to your proposal, Silanus, that, before they were put to death, they should be punished with the scourge? Two armies of the enemy, one on the side of Rome, and the other on that of Gaul, oppose our progress; while the want of grain, and of other necessaries, prevents us from remaining, however strongly we may desire to remain, in our present position. The conspirators On this occasion, Decimus Junius Silanus, who, as consul elect, was first asked his opinion, moved that capital punishment should be inflicted, not only on those who were in confinement, but also on Lucius Cassius, Publius Furius, Publius Umbrenus, and Quintus Annius, if they should be apprehended; but afterwards, being influenced by the speech of Caius Caesar, he said that he would go over to the opinion of Tiberius Nero, who had proposed that the guards should be increased, and that the senate should deliberate further on the matter. Statilius and Gabinius, with a large force, were to set on fire twelve places of the city, convenient for their purpose, at the same time; in order that, during the consequent tumult, an easier access might be obtained to the consul, and to the others whose destruction was intended; Cethegus was to beset the gate of Cicero, and attack him personally with violence; others were to single out other victims; while the sons of certain families, mostly of the nobility, were to kill their fathers; and, when all were in consternation at the massacre and conflagration, they were to sally forth to join Catiline. I conjure you, therefore, to maintain a brave and resolute spirit; and to remember, when you advance to battle, that on your own right hands depend riches, honor, and glory, with the enjoyment of your liberty and of your country. [80], Petrarch also praised Sallust highly, though he primarily appreciated his style and moralization. The Lacedaemonians, when they had conquered the Athenians, appointed thirty men to govern their state. WebBellum Catilinae (War of Catiline), also called De coniuratione Catilinae (Conspiracy of Catiline), is the first history published by the Roman historian Sallust. When I contemplate you, soldiers, and when I consider your past exploits, a strong hope of victory animates me. At that meeting there were present, of senatorial rank: Publius Lentulus Sura, Publius Autronius, Lucius Cassius Longinus, Caius Cethegus, Publius and Servius Sylla, the sons of Servius Sylla, Lucius Vargunteius, Quintus Annius, Marcus Porcius Laeca, Lucius Bestia, Quintus Curius; and of the equestrian order, Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, Lucius Statilius, Publius Gabinius Capito, Caius Cornelius; with many from the colonies and municipal towns, persons of consequence in their own localities. That this attack on his character was made by Cicero, I afterwards heard Crassus himself assert. After reading and hearing of the many glorious achievements which the Roman people had performed at home and in the field, by sea as well as by land, I happened to be led to consider what had been the great foundation of such illustrious deeds. 16 The young men, whom, as I said before, he had enticed to join him, he initiated, by various methods, in evil practices. It differs from the writings of his contemporaries Caesar and especially Cicero. For whenever any one coveted the mansion or villa, or even the plate or apparel of another, he exerted his influence to have him numbered among the proscribed. These thirty began their administration by putting to death, even without a trial, all who were notoriously wicked, or publicly detestable; acts at which the people rejoiced, and extolled their justice. Tacitus speaks highly of him. [56] "The Conspiracy of Catiline" reflects many features of style that were developed in his later works. Quintus Catulus, however, read in the senate a letter of a very different character, which, he said, was delivered to him in the name of Catiline, and of which the following is a copy: [83], Henrik Ibsen's first play, written c.1849, was Catiline based on Sallust's story.[80]. As Antonius approached with his army, Catiline directed his march over the hills, encamping, at one time, in the direction of Rome, at another in that of Gaul. Attack them, therefore, with so much the greater confidence, and call to mind your achievements of old. He himself, having posted the necessary guards conducted Lentulus to the prison; and the same office was performed for the rest by the praetors. Cambridge, 2010. 9 Good morals, accordingly, were cultivated in the city and in the camp. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [32] As governor he was so corrupt and avaricious that on his return in late 45 or early 44BC[33] only Caesar's dictatorial influence enabled him to escape conviction on charges of corruption and extortion. [47], Its true value lies in the introduction of Marius and Sulla to the Roman political scene and the beginning of their rivalry. For assuredly there was greater merit and wisdom in those, who raised so mighty an empire from humble means, than in us, who can scarcely preserve what they so honorably acquired. The opportunity, too, seemed favorable for such an accusation; for Caesar, by extraordinary generosity in private, and by magnificent exhibitions in public, had fallen greatly into debt. The more spirit you display in your decision, the more will their confidence be diminished; but if they shall perceive you in the smallest degree irresolute, they will advance upon you with fury. What I have been meditating you have already heard separately. Not all translations are grammatically faithful to the original. But who, it may be asked, will blame any severity that shall be decreed against these parricides of their country? All our Others at the same time, as is not uncommon in such a crisis, spread reports of omens and prodigies; others of meetings being held, of arms being transported, and of insurrections of the slaves at Capua and in Apulia. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. And to me, assuredly, though by no means equal glory attends the narrator and the performer of illustrious deeds, it yet seems in the highest degree difficult to write the history of great transactions; first, because deeds must be adequately represented by words; and next, because most readers consider that whatever errors you mention with censure, are mentioned through malevolence and envy; while, when you speak of the great virtue and glory of eminent men, every one hears with acquiescence only that which he himself thinks easy to be performed; all beyond his own conception he regards as fictitious and incredible. Nor was Antonius far distant, as he was pursuing, though with a large army, yet through plainer ground, and with fewer hindrances, the enemy in retreat. For avarice subverted honesty, integrity, and other honorable principles, and, in their stead, inculcated pride, inhumanity, contempt of religion, and general venality. The one is common to us with the gods; the other with the brutes. But Catos ambition was that of temperance, discretion, and, above all, of austerity; he did not contend in splendor with the rich, or in faction with the seditious, but with the brave in fortitude, with the modest in simplicity, with the temperate in abstinence, he was more desirous to be, than to appear, virtuous; and thus, the less he courted popularity, the more it pursued him. Nor is he a deep thinker, being content to operate with philosophical commonplaces. Sallust's Bellum Catilinae Second Edition Edited by J. T. Ramsey Society for Classical Studies Texts & Commentaries Provides a fitting introduction to the richness of Latin literature Includes two maps and two city plans, an updated and now annotated bibliography Also of Interest Cicero's De Provinciis Consularibus Oratio Luca Grillo But afterwards, when their lawless power gradually increased, they proceeded, at their pleasure, to kill the good and bad indiscriminately, and to strike terror into all; and thus the state, overpowered and enslaved, paid a heavy penalty for its imprudent exultation. Our goals are: 1. 56 During these proceedings at Rome, Catiline, out of the entire force which he himself had brought with him, and that which Manlius had previously collected, formed two legions, filling up the cohorts as far as his numbers would allow; and afterwards, as any volunteers, or recruits from his confederates, arrived in his camp, he distributed them equally throughout the cohorts, and thus filled up his legions, in a short time, with their regular number of men, though at first he had not had more than two thousand. [23], Sallust's political affiliation is unclear in this early period,[24] but after he was expelled from the senate in 50BC by Appius Claudius Pulcher (then serving as censor), he joined Caesar. Web2. 44 The Allobroges, according to the directions of Cicero, procured interviews, by means of Gabinius, with the other conspirators; and from Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Cassius, they demanded an oath, which they might carry under seal to their countrymen, who otherwise would hardly join in so important an affair. These vices at first advanced but slowly, and were sometimes restrained by correction; but afterwards, when their infection had spread like a pestilence, the state was entirely changed, and the government, from being the most equitable and praiseworthy, became rapacious and insupportable. These objects I hope to effect, in concert with you, in the character of consul; unless, indeed, my expectation deceives me, and you prefer to be slaves rather than masters. 43 But at Rome, in the mean time, Lentulus, with the other leaders of the conspiracy, having secured what they thought a large force, had arranged, that as soon as Catiline should reach the neighborhood of Faesulae, Lucius Bestia, a tribune of the people, having called an assembly, should complain of the proceedings of Cicero, and lay the odium of this most oppressive war on the excellent consul; and that the rest of the conspirators, taking this as a signal, should, on the following night, proceed to execute their respective parts. WebIn Sallust monograph, Bellum Catilinae (4342 bc ; Catilines War ), deals with corruption in Roman politics by tracing the conspiracy of Catiline, a ruthlessly ambitious patrician who had attempted to seize power in 63 bc after the suspicions of his fellow nobles and the growing mistrust of the people prevented him from attaining [72], Quotations and commentaries "attest to the high status of Sallust's work in the first and second centuriesCE". 61 When the battle was over, it was plainly seen what boldness, and what energy of spirit, had prevailed throughout the army of Catiline; for, almost everywhere, every soldier, after yielding up his breath, covered with his corpse the spot which he had occupied when alive. I am indeed of opinion, Conscript Fathers, that the utmost degree of torture is inadequate to punish their crime; but the generality of mankind dwell on that which happens last, and, in the case of malefactors, forget their guilt, and talk only of their punishment, should that punishment have been inordinately severe. 23 Among those present at this meeting was Quintus Curius, a man of no mean family, but immersed in vices and crimes, and whom the censors had ignominiously expelled from the senate. Some words used by Sallust (for example, antecapere, portatio, incruentus, incelebratus, incuriosus), are not known in other writings before him. The question, however, at present under discussion, is not whether we live in a good or bad state of morals; nor how great, or how splendid, the empire of the Roman people is; but whether these things around us, of whatever value they are, are to continue our own, or to fall, with ourselves, into the hands of the enemy. 26 Catiline, having made these arrangements, still canvassed for the consulship for the following year; hoping that, if he should be elected, he would easily manage Antonius according to his pleasure. Sallust is famous for brevity, archaisms, novelties of vocabulary, and oddities of syntax and grammar. solution for none but conquerors have exchanged war for peace. I feel assured, too, that Decimus Silanus, a man of spirit and resolution, made the suggestions which he offered, from zeal for the state, and that he had no view, in so important a matter, to favor or to enmity; such I know to be his character, and such his discretion. Slaves, meanwhile, of whom vast numbers had at first flocked to him, he continued to reject, not only as depending on the strength of the conspiracy, but as thinking impolitic to appear to share the cause of citizens with runagates. We will read the Sallust's Bellum Catilinae. In 46 he took part in Caesars African campaign (with modest success), and, when Africa Nova was formed from Numidian territory (modern Algeria), Sallust became its first governor. This question we shall leave undecided. At some other period, and under another consul, who, like the present, may have an army at his command, some false accusation may be credited as true; and when, with our example for a precedent, the consul shall have drawn the sword on the authority of the senate, who shall stay its progress, or moderate its fury? [86] The probability that all these scrolls came from one or more ancient manuscripts is debated.[87]. [77] Aulus Gellius saved Pollio's unfavorable statement about Sallust's style via quote. 32 He then hurried from the senate to his own house; and then, after much reflection with himself, thinking that, as his plots against the consul had been unsuccessful, and as he knew the city to be secured from fire by the watch, his best course would be to augment his army, and make provision for the war before the legions could be raised, he set out in the dead of night, and with a few attendants, to the camp of Manlius. Both of these men were at bitter enmity with Caesar; Piso, as having been attacked by him, when he was on his trial for extortion, on a charge of having illegally put to death a Transpadane Gaul; Catulus, as having hated him ever since he stood for the pontificate, because, at an advanced age, and after filling the highest offices, he had been defeated by Caesar, who was then comparatively a youth. But when they failed to persuade the consul to such injustice, they themselves, by going from one person to another, and spreading fictions of their own, which they pretended to have heard from Volturcius or the Allobroges, excited such violent odium against him, that certain Roman knights, who were stationed as an armed guard round the Temple of Concord, being prompted, either by the greatness of the danger, or by the impulse of a high spirit, to testify more openly their zeal for the republic, threatened Caesar with their swords as he went out of the senate-house. Basic Rhetorical Terms (pdf) Sallust presents Catiline as a deliberate foe [41] It shows no traces of personal recollections on the conspiracy, perhaps indicating the Sallust was out of the city on military service at the time. 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