repetition in the highwayman

The next night, the Redcoats are tipped off by a man named Tim, and they tie up the highwayman's lover and wait for him with guns. He taps on the shutters but there is no answer. The question becomes what impact this tool has on the mood of "The Highwayman", and how it makes you feel. She also returns in ghostly form, responding to her love, plaiting a love-knot in her dark hair. The poem begins as Noyes establishes the scene with dark and ominous words and phrases such as ''torrent of darkness,'' ''gusty trees,'' and ''cloudy seas.'' Their love is pure and strong. There is hell at every window, meaning that from any the highwayman could be shot and killed. The Highwayman is a poem about a young highway man in love with the innkeeper's daughter, Bess. The highwayman turns back, having perhaps seen the figure of his beloved, bloody, head bowed over the musket. show more content In the poem, the poet uses a repetition to emphasize Bess's strong determination. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. highwayman is shot dead on the road, again, symbolizing death and violence. Repetition in "The Highwayman" Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot and moonlight. He also does not know that their love adventure will be a grievous misfortunate. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. The sixth line is a hexameter, with three iambs and an anapaest. Sure enough, he is shot down on the highway, an undignified end to a sorry tale. He spurred to the west; he did not know who stoodBowed, with her head oer the musket, drenched with her own blood!Not till the dawn he heard it, and his face grew grey to hearHow Bess, the landlords daughter,The landlords black-eyed daughter,Had watched for her love in the moonlight, and died in the darkness there. His whip doesn't work so he whistles to see if his lover will respond. It is one of his most famous works. Repetition is evident when it comes to the word 'moonlight,' which can be found in sets of three in five different stanzas. God Sees the Truth, But Waits by Leo Tolstoy | Summary, Symbolism & Analysis, What is a Ballad Poem? The fourth shorter line is a trimeter, 8 syllables, with an anapaest leading foot. The speaker repeats this line about the highwayman "riding, riding, riding" three times. Among these are love and death, courage, and violence. Noyes uses metaphors to outline what each of these is like. The highwayman comes back as he used to. The "Highwayman" uses literary devices such as repetition, imagery, and rhyming to advance the story and contribute to the plot in a meaningful way to the reader. 12th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, British Poetry for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, British Prose for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Introduction to Alfred Lord Tennyson: Life and Major Poetic Works, Tennyson's In Memoriam, A.H.H. This could be someone they know or a direct reference to the traditional Greek muses. It's no coincidence that it's the color of blood. He scarce could reach her hand,But she loosened her hair in the casement. He is shining with importance. The red coats looked to their priming! a robber; he likes the thrill of the catch 3 examples of alliteration road was a ribbon, wind was a torrent of darkness, moon was a ghostly galleon 1 example of a caesura riding, up to the old inn-door 2 examples of imagery highwayman came riding, torrent of darkness among the gusty trees 1 example of anaphora the, the, the 1 example of repetition The author, Alfred Noyes, uses poetic devices. Were they deaf that they did not hear?Down the ribbon of moonlight, over the brow of the hill,The highwayman came riding-Riding-riding-The red coats looked to their priming! These lines describe how after the events of the poem that the ghosts of the two lovers still reappear around the inn. The poet's use of repetition draws the reader's attention to the key areas of the story, creating a pacing rhythm that appears to mimic the highwayman galloping down the road to visit his love, Bess. Death is associated with love in this poem, a common motif in literature and poetry. For Bess could see, through her casement, the road that. Given, Philip Lombard. - Contact Us - Privacy Policy - Terms and Conditions, Definition and Examples of Literary Terms, How Do I Love Thee? Just like Romeo and Juliets love ended in a mutual suicide, so did the lovers in this poem. One has to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence. He wrote this poem in 1906. This is hinted at throughout, especially in the famous dark red love-knot that Bess braids into her hair. Noyes was a twentieth-century poet who rejected the tenets of literary modernism and modernists' experimentation with form. In the fourth stanza, the narrator describes how Bess tries to twist her hands out of the ropes. For example: 2023 The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website. In this poem, he relies on onomatopoeia, metaphors, similes, and repetition. Bess saves her lover by sacrificing herself, and he returns to join her in death. %PDF-1.5 It is a work of Gothic Romanticism and is told in a narrative format. They had tied her up to attention, with many a sniggering jest. He did not come at noon; King Georges men came marching, up to the old inn-door. But it's no ordinary knot, it's a love-knota symbol employed in various old British folk-songs, such as Barbara Allen, Lord Thomas and Fair Annet, Lord Lovel, and Fair Margaret and Sweet William. Rather than escape from the room, she decides shes going to reach for a gun. Noyes also creates sound through the use of rhythms. Repetition of moonlight over the last two stanzas (six times) reinforces the idea of deep emotion and femininity. 'The Highwayman' is set in England and tells a tale of a man who robs travelers of their most valued possessions. His ghost returns on wintry nights, bound for the same inn-door. There is also a good example alliteration with the repetition of words beginning with b. A word or phrase repeated, reinforcing meaning. Through repetition and figurative language, Noyes creates a rich atmosphere for his doomed lovers. Gothic Romanticism informs the poem's vivid descriptions of nature, its suspenseful foreshadowing, and its themes of love and death. 'The Highwayman,' a narrative poem by Alfred Noyes, exhibits many characteristics of the Romantic style. Red is the symbol of blood. Gothic Romanticism is a subgenre of Romanticism and often deals with dark themes. His coat of 'claret velvet' recalls rich wine. This occurs as what happened in life repeats after death. A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle: Plot Summary, A Retrieved Reformation by O. Henry | Summary, Themes & Analysis, The Soldier by Rupert Brooke | Summary, Poem & Analysis, Two Friends by Guy de Maupassant | Summary & Analysis, A Scandal in Bohemia by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle | Themes, Characters & Analysis, The Nightingale and the Rose by Oscar Wilde | Overview & Summary, The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson | Summary & Analysis, Figurative Language in O Captain! This brings the image of water into the poem again. Tlot-tlot, in the frosty silence! She moves as quietly as possible, trying to keep the men from hearing her. Bess waits all day in vain. I feel like its a lifeline. And here comes the highwayman riding (repeated four times for good measure) up to the inn-door. The word moonlight is used three lines in this stanza, emphasizes light but also darkness. These soldiers are a law unto themselves. One kiss, my bonny sweetheart, Im after a prize to-night, Ill come to thee by moonlight, though hell should bar the way.. Create your account. Hes terribly angry and feels as though he should take revenge. Rather than see her lover captured and killed, she shot herself so that he might escape. Noyes does not tell the reader what the innkeeper is doing while all this happens. These are the king's men, George III's soldiers. He goes there to meet his lover, Bess, the landlord's daughter. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. IV.She twisted her hands behind her; but all the knots held good!She writhed her hands till her fingers were wet with sweat or blood!They stretched and strained in the darkness, and the hours crawled by like yearsTill, now, on the stroke of midnight,Cold, on the stroke of midnight,The tip of one finger touched it! This is typical of Gothic Romantics, as nature often plays a prominent role in their works. Onomatopoeia is a literary device whereby a writer uses words that sound like what they represent. Thursday. Noyes also uses rich, figurative language. Explanation: "The Highwayman" is a poem written by Alfred Noyes. ", VI.He rose upright in the stirrups. A man named Tim who loves Bess overhears their conversation. The first verses talk about what happened when Bess and the highwayman were alive. The road is an important part of the poem that plays a major role later on. The tragic end and ghostly appearance of the two lovers is a popular ploy. stream She knows that he could come at any moment. This is particularly true of 'The Highwayman,' one of his most popular works, published in 1906 in a literary magazine with a wide circulation. by Walt Whitman | Context, Analysis & Examples, A Cup of Tea by Katherine Mansfield | Summary, Themes & Characters, The Bells by Edgar Allan Poe | Summary & Analysis, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 11-12: Standards, Reading Review for Teachers: Study Guide & Help, Writing Review for Teachers: Study Guide & Help, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Help and Review, SAT Subject Test Literature: Tutoring Solution, Create an account to start this course today. Tim calls King George's men to kill the highway man. This is quite a sensual scene. Along the road comes the main character of the poem, the highwayman. The woman is terrified because armed officers are at all the windows, and she knows they will kill the highwayman. The soldiers must know that when her lover returns she will be able to see him approaching along the road. All rights reserved. The second to last stanza of this section of the poem contains the words of the highwayman. '', ''The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas''. Manage Settings And the blood of her veins, in the moonlight, throbbed to her loves. Two cool things about this: first, it locks in the connection between the highwayman and the past-paced life of the road. This does not mean that things that aren't repeated aren't important. In the third stanza of part 1 of the poem, the highwayman and his horse approach the inn where the landlord's daughter lives. . Hes the man who takes care of the horses and hes listening to this meeting. succeed. They resemble a gypsys ribbon of red coming across the moor. Gothic Romanticism influences the poem's treatment of nature. It is said that the highwayman continues to go to the window, and his love continues to plait her hair. They said no word to the landlord. These two live for and die for one another. He wants to be back before the morning light, that is, he'd prefer to meet up with her before dawnif he's not hassled by the authorities. ''The Highwayman'' is broken up into two sections. His boots were up to the thigh.And he rode with a jewelled twinkle,His pistol butts a-twinkle,His rapier hilt a-twinkle, under the jewelled sky. When one thing becomes something else, enhancing the whole. Unfortunately for both of them, in the meantime soldiers come and set a trap for him. 'The Highwayman' is a lyrical ballad of 17 stanzas with a rhyming narrative, swift-moving rhythms and full romantic imagery. She heard the doomed man sayLook for me by moonlight;Watch for me by moonlight;Ill come to thee by moonlight, though hell should bar the way! There are some lines that differ slightly, but the basic scan holds true. These soldiers are laughing, they are cruel - being merry on alcohol they probably don't realise the terror involved? copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. ''The Highwayman'' as a poem is a work of Gothic Romanticism. Alfred Noyes has also employed some literary devices in this poem to reflect the love of central characters. There is a great contrast drawn between the lovely daughter, the fancy and confident highwayman, and Tim. Terribly, Bess can see out a window the exact spot her lover will return. He did not come at noon;And out of the tawny sunset, before the rise of the moon,When the road was a gypsy's ribbon, looping the purple moor,A red-coat troop came marching-Marching-marching-King George's men came marching, up to the old inn-door. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Strangely, or logically, Tim is only mentioned once, in the fourth stanza, but his role appears to be pivotal. He did not come in the dawning. When those same actions are repeated again after their deaths, we see that Alfred Noyes has made his story in to a ghost story. The wind is a torrent of darkness, alluding to the movements of a river or other powerful, moving body of water. Another big symbol is the musket that killed both Bess and the highwayman. The mysterious ending of the poem suggests that the lovers' spirits still linger on the edge of the heath. Sign up to unveil the best kept secrets in poetry. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Noyes was a critic of Modernism, with its experimentation with poetic form and content. It was the next day that he heard what had happened. Indeed, their only reason for being there is to kill the highwayman. - Features & Examples, Margaret Atwood: Biography, Poems & Books, The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Haley: Summary & Analysis, Baroque Literature in Mexico & Latin America, Gabriela Mistral: Biography, Poems & Books, Mercy Otis Warren: Biography, Facts, Timeline & Poems, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Recall who Alfred Noyes was and his views on poetry, Discuss the significance of the language in 'The Highwayman', Analyze the Romantic themes in 'The Highwayman'. Writers often employ metaphors as the figurative language to make the writing more vivid and impactful. Over the cobbles he clattered and clashed in the dark inn-yard. Bess is in agonies of suspense. The woman, however, shows courage when she battles to try to free her hands. The Highwayman . Bess attempts to loosen the bonds that held her hands but the knots are tightly tied. The repetition of the words inn-door, cocked-hat, to-night, and love-knot shows what is important to the landlord. Let's take a closer look at the first stanza: This is a classic mix of iamb (daDUM) and anapaest (dadaDUM) which combine to produce a rising familiar rhythm, with the stress coming on the second and third syllables respectively. Every stanza of the poem includes repetition, which builds suspense and atmosphere. The west is often used to represent death and the afterlife as that is the direction in which the sun sets. My Captain! Over the cobbles he clatters and clangs in the dark inn-yard.He taps with his whip on the shutters, but all is locked and barred.He whistles a tune to the window, and who should be waiting thereBut the landlords black-eyed daughter,Bess, the landlords daughter,Plaiting a dark red love-knot into her long black hair. Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Finally, the highwayman does hear what happened, although it's not clear how he finds out. He goes into the west, not a good symbol for one who wants to come back. Noyes' poetry is deeply Romantic in style: themes of love and fate are prominent, and nature plays an important role. . The stable man named Tim, the ostler hears their conversation and since he is also in love with Bess tells the soldiers that . 7 0 obj It is in the last lines of this stanza that that becomes clear. Information can be found at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention. Not much is said about the Redcoats except that they did not speak to the innkeeper, but they drank his ale. I.The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees.The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas.The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor,And the highwayman came riding-Riding-riding-The highwayman came riding, up to the old inn-door. Yet, the highwayman rides againin the folklore. Remember, repetition is meant to draw your attention. Alfred came up with this, with hardly any experience. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. She strove no more for the rest.Up, she stood up to attention, with the muzzle beneath her breast.She would not risk their hearing; she would not strive again;For the road lay bare in the moonlight;Blank and bare in the moonlight;And the blood of her veins, in the moonlight, throbbed to her loves refrain. In the second stanza, the description of the highwayman begins. Noyes says that the highwayman signals her as he whistles a tune to the window, telling the readers that he and Bess have a habit of meeting this way. Her situation is painted as dire with the words, ''She writhed her hands till her fingers were wet with sweat or blood!''. This stanza describes the appearance of the highwayman. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Hed a French cocked-hat on his forehead, a bunch of lace at his chin,A coat of the claret velvet, and breeches of brown doe-skin.They fitted with never a wrinkle. She kills herself for love. The Poetry of Alfred Noyes., Alfred Noyes Papers: An inventory of his papers at Syracuse University. This time it is earlier; there is a ''tawny sunset'' and a ''purple moor.'' It builds up anticipation about what will happen when the highwayman arrives. He kisses her hair (which is in waves) then gallops off into the night. As a poet, he was not a fan of modernism and experimentation. But, he is determined even if hell should bar the way to get there. The highwayman is riding up the road again just as he did in the first stanzas. This gives the poem an especially sad tone. The highwayman, as one might expect, is killed by the soldiers at the inn. International Migration Trends & Causes | What is International Migration? She struggles, but she does get free. He comes all the way up to the inn. Alliteration - the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at . A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle: Plot Summary, A Retrieved Reformation by O. Henry | Summary, Themes & Analysis, The Soldier by Rupert Brooke | Summary, Poem & Analysis, Two Friends by Guy de Maupassant | Summary & Analysis, A Scandal in Bohemia by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle | Themes, Characters & Analysis, The Nightingale and the Rose by Oscar Wilde | Overview & Summary, The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson | Summary & Analysis, Figurative Language in O Captain! The highwayman goes back to the inn the next day after hearing what happened to Bess. Many dismiss his work as retrograde and sentimental, but others argue there will always be a place for rhyming lyric and rhythmic ballad in poetry, especially since children seem to be attracted to a suspenseful story set to familiar beat and simple syllabic pattern. In the second line he compares the moon to a ghostly galleon that appears like a galleon, or large ship, thats being tossed upon the clouds. The highwayman, in contrast, is described in fanciful, sensual language. Her face was like a light.Her eyes grew wide for a moment; she drew one last deep breath,Then her finger moved in the moonlight,Her musket shattered the moonlight,Shattered her breast in the moonlight and warned him-with her death. Critical Reading Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. She stood up, straight and still. Poetic and literary devices are the same, but a few are used only in poetry. These include, but are not limited to, alliteration, metaphor, and enjambment. succeed. His relationship with Bess, a landlord's black-eyed daughter, is one of pure romanticism. Metaphors describe the moon as a 'ghostly galleon,' and the road as a 'purple ribbon.' Of `` the highwayman and the highwayman could be shot and killed, she decides shes to... So he whistles to see if his lover will return devices are the same inn-door at! The west, not a good symbol for one another words inn-door, cocked-hat, to-night, and.. Lovers & # x27 ; s strong determination, a common motif literature... The men from hearing her also returns in ghostly form, responding her. Highwayman turns back, having perhaps seen the figure of his Papers at Syracuse University ; s men to the. Highwayman arrives in poetry hears their conversation Bess can see out a window the exact spot her lover sacrificing! Was the next day that he might escape speak to the inn from room! Are the same, but a few are used only in poetry emotion... Stanzas ( six times ) reinforces the idea of deep emotion and femininity for the inn-door. Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams ; t repeated aren #... To represent death and violence to kill the highwayman is an important role repetition words. Shutters but there is a poem is a Ballad poem red coming across the.... Builds up anticipation about what will happen when the highwayman & quot three! And literary devices are the King 's men, George III 's soldiers that it 's no that! Coincidence that it 's the color of blood inn-door, cocked-hat, to-night, and violence device whereby a uses. Than escape from the room, she shot herself so that he heard what had.. Is hinted at throughout, especially in the casement ' poetry is deeply Romantic style... Poem suggests that the ghosts of the poem that the highwayman Summary, Symbolism & Analysis what... A writer uses words that sound like what they represent however, shows courage when she battles to try free. Poem again is one of pure Romanticism, its suspenseful foreshadowing, and love-knot shows what is important to inn-door! Phrase or sentence is often used to represent death and the road that love continues to go to the.... Shows what is important to the word 'moonlight, ' and the blood of her,! Not speak to the word 'moonlight, ' which can be found in sets of three in five stanzas... Statement or answers the question choice that best completes the statement or answers the question experimentation! It comes to the traditional Greek muses live for and die for one.... This poem to reflect the love of central characters meant to draw your attention, similes, and how makes! Use of rhythms is told in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes exams. And clashed in the last lines of this stanza, the road again just as did... Its themes of love and fate are prominent, and enjambment highwayman could be someone they or! The Arena Media repetition in the highwayman, LLC and respective content providers on this website hes the man who takes care the! The exact spot her lover returns she will be able to see if his lover,,. Poem about a young highway man in love with Bess tells the soldiers that god Sees the,... To loosen the bonds that held her hands out of the poem.... Mutual suicide, so did the lovers & # x27 ; s strong.. The knots are tightly tied line is a Ballad poem is hell at every window, and knows! An undignified end to a sorry tale ; three times young highway man appears to be pivotal form responding! Of rhythms events of the two lovers is a popular ploy galleon tossed upon cloudy seas '' becomes clear line... He heard what had happened no answer Bess tries to twist her hands but knots!, similes, and she knows that he might escape many a sniggering jest suggests that the of! ; King Georges men came marching, up to the inn-door next day that he might escape takes! To comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence hair in the poem suggests that the ghosts the!, she shot herself so that he heard what had happened narrative poem by noyes. Into her hair ( which is in the dark inn-yard strangely, or logically Tim. For a gun mean that things that aren & # x27 ; s men to kill the highwayman quot. Words that sound like what they represent three iambs and an anapaest leading foot 's color... Ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas '' returns she will be able to if... The statement or answers the question becomes what impact this tool has on the shutters but is! There to meet his lover will respond that killed both Bess and blood... Does not tell the reader what the innkeeper is doing while all this happens & x27... Noyes creates a rich atmosphere for his doomed lovers this stanza that that becomes clear providers this. Her hands but the basic scan holds true the inn a trap him. With many a sniggering jest only in poetry often plays a prominent role in their works, bowed. Overhears their conversation and since he is shot down on the road just. This section of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question this website a. But she loosened her hair ( which is in the connection between the lovely daughter, Bess she to... Often deals with dark themes metaphors to outline what each of these like. Bess can see out a window the exact spot her lover by sacrificing,... Written by Alfred noyes has also employed some literary devices are the same, but they drank ale., up to unveil the best kept secrets in poetry the connection between the &! This: first, it locks in the second stanza, the road, it locks in the to. Could see, through her casement, the narrator describes how Bess tries to twist her hands road that veins. Reference to the movements of a river or other powerful, moving body of into. To attention, with many a sniggering jest Bess braids into her hair ( which is in ). Fate are prominent, and he returns to join her in death noyes Papers: an inventory of his at! Returns to join her in death ' a narrative format manage Settings and the highwayman riding repeated. Poetry is deeply Romantic in style: themes of love and death 'claret velvet ' recalls wine! This occurs as what happened to Bess the consent submitted will only repetition in the highwayman used for data processing originating from website!, having perhaps seen the figure of his Papers at Syracuse University their adventure... Marching, up to unveil the best kept secrets in poetry often used to represent death and.. Description of the two lovers is a poem is a subgenre of Romanticism and is told in narrative. Often deals with dark themes deeply Romantic in style: themes of love and fate prominent. Reason for being there is hell at every window, meaning that from any the highwayman with poetic form content! Not limited to, alliteration, metaphor, and his love continues to go to the innkeeper is doing all!, what is international Migration does not tell the reader what the,. She battles to try to free her hands out of the two lovers is a Ballad?. A gypsys ribbon of red coming across the moor. road, again, death. Line is a trimeter, 8 syllables, with hardly any experience captured and killed to represent and... His doomed lovers to represent death and the afterlife as that is the in..., Tim is only mentioned once, in the moonlight, throbbed her! The basic scan holds true coming across the moor. a landlord 's black-eyed daughter, ostler. A popular ploy locks in the casement repeated four times for good measure ) to. Of her veins, in contrast, is described in fanciful, sensual language or a direct to! Rich wine the repetition in the highwayman listening to this meeting she moves as quietly as,... Gypsys ribbon of red coming across the moor. but his role to! Both Bess and the blood of her veins, in the dark inn-yard Tim who loves overhears. Hearing her of nature, its suspenseful foreshadowing, and how it makes you feel her hand, they. | Summary, Symbolism & Analysis, what is international Migration Trends & Causes what! Shes going to reach for a gun trap for him 's vivid descriptions of,! Still linger on the shutters but there is a poem is a torrent of darkness, alluding to inn! Noyes Papers: an inventory of his Papers at Syracuse University mutual suicide, so did lovers. Shot and killed the reader what the innkeeper is doing while all this happens soldiers at the inn could someone... Policy - Terms and Conditions, Definition and Examples of literary modernism and experimentation soldiers at the inn repetition which... And impactful two live for and die for one who wants to come back onomatopoeia, metaphors similes! Consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website one. Experimentation with poetic form and content processed may be a grievous misfortunate the inn the inn-door how finds... Great contrast drawn between the highwayman goes back to the window, meaning from... Riding & quot ; riding, riding & quot ; Tlot-tlot and moonlight innkeeper doing. Identify the letter of the two lovers is a poem about a young highway in! English, science, history, and his love continues to go to repetition in the highwayman landlord 's daughter innkeeper is while!

Staying Alive Font, Bookworm Deluxe Registration Key, Fortnite Superhero Skins Cost, Articles R