connecting multiple harbor freight solar panels

Lightweight, weather resistant construction easy to set up and maintain. I finally had about $200 to spare and I bought the Harbor Freight kit. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. This cookie is set by Youtube. Then well connect each series battery in parallel with the others. If you do not install bypass diodes, as in the first image on the previous step, I do not see why all panels would stop producing power. Would you prefer to share this page with others by linking to it? What do you expect for less than $200???? 7 years ago, Reply The two florescent light cords are pretty long too - 16 feet per my measuring tape. Reply Don't get scammed by websites pretending to be Harbor Freight. on Introduction. Also, everything appeared simple to hook-up. all the ones i am finding are large ones, you may have to do some digging to find a small one or build one. The cookie is created when the JavaScript library executes and there are no existing __utma cookies. Chemical processes occur when the battery is charged, allowing the energy to be stored and then released. A simple example of solar thermal power is the solar oven, a device constructed in a way so that heat is captured and retained internally in order to cook food. Theyre a popular choice in the aviation business. If you are interested in getting hold of this product, start reading us. That symbol is for a diode, also known as a blocking diode. Find them here. Other wattage outputs and size of the panel can vary the cost a bit. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. USB port for charging smartphones and tablets. The other major parts the controller and light were packed in a box inside the main box and the interconnect wiring was in with the plastic frame parts. You may still be gaining in amperage even though its at lower voltage if the battery needs the charge, or if there is another place for the power to go such as out to lighting or a tool. This is a type of semiconductor material composed of small silicon crystals. My first surprise was how heavy this kit was its almost 60 lbs! I was concerned about cable length so I stretched the solar panel main cable down my driveway and measured the length. It does not store any personal data. Lithium-ion batteries are by far the most expensive but have more than double the life expectancy of other battery types. They may also contain some four-letter words that arent tool and other content thats not appropriate for children. The most efficient solar material is a type of crystalline silicon known as monocrystalline silicon. Monitoring equipment is used to track the performance of the system, helping to detect and diagnose problems before they become major issues. Do I have to buy 10 solar panels to produce 6V 1200mA and connect it paralell? If your solar array is large enough (400 watts or more), you can connect many batteries at once. Note: Specifications are approximate and subject to change. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. No, connecting solar panels in series does not increase wattage. And in this example I also put in the bypass diodes. What Are The Different Types of Solar Batteries Available On Market? Crystalline silicon is the most common type used in panels, as it has a higher efficiency rate than other materials and is also the most cost-effective. This cookie is set by Google analytics and is used to store the traffic source or campaign through which the visitor reached your site. Nearly everything on Amazon is available through the multitude of Chinese suppliers on E-Bay. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Their 100 Watt kit runs $190 and a battery will set you back an . If youre in an area with lots of sun, it will take less time to charge the battery than if youre in an area with less sun. I found a lot of bashing on-line about these kits so I read through the BS and the three major complaints were: The controller is simple and does not use PWM to charge the battery. Users have also mentioned that they are easy and straightforward to install. This arrangement increases the voltage, but does not increase the current. Most are free shipping, take forever to arrive but are the exact modules Amazon sells for 3 times the price. The lifespan of a solar panel is typically 20-25 years, but this can vary depending on the quality of the panel and how well it is maintained. here is a list that you can look through if you dont already had some picked out. THUNDERBOLT 100 Watt Solar Panel Kit - Item 63585 / 64335 Portable and easy to set up, this reliable, durable solar energy kit delivers 100 watts of free, clean and quiet energy. Full Review Day 1, harbor freight 100 watt solar kit | UNBOXING and SETUP, How Does The Federal Solar Tax Credit Work, How Does Solar Energy Affect The Environment, Solar Energy Manufacturing For America Act, What Are The Disadvantages Of Solar Energy, Solar Powered Air Conditioner Window Unit, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Solar Power, This lightweight, portable solar panel generates renewable energy anytime, anywhere, High efficiency monocrystalline solar cells for maximum output, Produces an average of 31 amp-hours per day, 15 Amp 12 Volt DC to 110 Volt AC Power Inverter. Lastly, many solar panels are also outfitted with glass or polycarbonate exteriors and a mounting system, both of which keep the panel safely in place and protect the cells from the elements. The panels were plugged in where they should have been, and I could wire them up without too much difficulty. I think I understand the logic. Don't get scammed by websites pretending to be Harbor Freight. Additionally, the panels should be inspected periodically for damage, such as cracked glass or loose connections, and repaired as necessary. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Copy and paste it, adding a note of your own, into your blog, a Web page, forums, a blog comment,your Facebook account, or anywhere that someone would find this page valuable. A solar charge controller is also used to link the negative terminal to the negative terminal. on Introduction. Mismatches in current spec when connected in series will effect overall performance. This causes inconsistencies in performance and has an impact on the appliances you use with the battery bank. Once I had charged the battery for about an hour I tried the lights. The parallel battery connection is employed in any case when increasing the battery capacity is more critical. What this diode is doing is only allowing the positive electrons to flow in only one direction. Because of the blocking diodes at the end of each row the 24 volts will not push back into the row producing 12 volts. Sorry if this is a duplicate, I posted or thought I did, but it disappeared. http://amzn.to/1sw7P2F, if you want to go the easy way and just buy one here is a link, http://amzn.to/1TqETQA. series = 52v (36v + 16v = 52v). However, you should limit it to two batteries, even if you have a vast solar array that can accommodate more. Only a licensed electrician and a licensed building contractor can safely design and implement They flow into the diode symbolic arrow tips and bands and come out the other end of the diode, and only flowing one way. 100 watt solar kit advice. This is far short of what I would need to run my deep freeze an hour a day. No use on prior purchases after 30 days from original purchase or without original receipt. Excellent write up on this Tom! What would be the best set up - series or parallel - and use of blockign diodes to minimise the impact of the shadow on one part of the array?. But even if you pull more from your battery than you charge, a larger battery might still be to your advantage. However, with three 100-watt solar panels, you may generate up to 1500 watts each day. Dont Miss: How Does The Federal Solar Tax Credit Work. Finally, it can be connected directly to an AC motor for direct power. Tom. The 100 watt solar kit, Harbor Freight item #63585. was just the ticket to fit my need. Also, HFT's latest version of this kit is rated at 100 Watts - that's quite an improvement over the kit I based this article on! Did you make this project? PRICES - Although we make every effort to assure that our prices, products and coupons are advertised as accurately as possible, we are only human, and in the event an error is made, we reserve the right to correct it. For this example we are going to say that the panels are 6 volt panels in a 24 volt system. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. xq^SlD(Q$MX-jck}Yw7xp((`>Tu_x=>}\q?__=ofOib-iKt=5>ysu^t>{pxNt{a_u~ ;6nt^at&*9O l6O,d5 ^.;oN)w4btD:k_0HQW{i0huN69;.vXmXF7+u;ZmvOG,Qdw1isQ>5`RWHNv?t&rQg{\_O-i1CC6z!SYGj{`:,6fBGo6l)gn).fa:,%g7T^#. This is how the panels that I have built in my other instructables are connected, and feed my solar charge controller. The cookie is set by Google Analytics and is used to throttle request rate. , http://amzn.to/1TtXMnQ This battery pack is NiMH not Lithium ion as stated. Generally, the solar panels that Harbor Freight sells are 100 Watt models and are designed to run small appliances, such as camping fridges or portable AC units, or charge devices like your phone or laptop. In parallel you will have 4v and 200mv theoretical, in serial 8v and 100ma, In parallel you will have 4v and 200mv theoretical, in serial 8v and 100ma. Your situation would be a little different based on the freezer you own, regardless this kit won't work. It was about Harbor Freight releasing their new 100w Monocrystalline panel, unlike the 25w kit they had before. The panel specs are 24v and 6.2 amps max. In this step I am showing a combination parallel and series configuration. You can use a PWM and an MPPT to charge a battery. The 2 panels at the top of the image are connected in series of each other, and the 2 panels at the bottom are also in series of each other. It's affordable but still has enough power for off-grid living because it generates more than most people need in their household appliances. Charge controllers are used to protect the batteries from overcharging and undercharging, as well as to manage the power from the solar panels to the batteries. The non-colored end would be the in side, and the end with the colored line around it would be the out side. In the end, one solar panel can charge two batteries, but more panels or a single enormous one will make a significant difference. So where could I find a quality panel and yet portable. Solar panels are the most important component in a solar PV system, as they capture the suns energy and turn it into usable electricity. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our Site. * Drill bits and hole saws These are used to make holes in framing material for mounting hardware and wiring. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Would you recommend this kit? 5 years ago. Participated in the Weekend Projects Contest, Participated in the Great Outdoors Contest. All adapters have SAE connectors. If you do not allow these cookies, we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to provide you the best experience possible. The top row will be producing 24 volts, the bottom row will only be producing 12 volts. A charge controller is also required to prevent the batteries from being overcharged. Of course, your batteries will need to be properly looked after and maintained to give them the longest possible lifespan. They have an avalanche or reverse breakdown voltage and will have this listed on their datasheet. . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The voltage of a solar panel can become higher than what the battery can handle, and if there is no protection, this could lead to excessive currents running into the battery as the solar panel tries to charge it. This is predicated on the premise that the batteries are completely depleted. The controller that comes with this kit does not include a low voltage cut-off needed to protect the battery. on Step 8. Can you simply add panels to this controller? I've been ordering from China and the 2 month delivery times being the worst aspect have been mostly satisfied and can purchase 3 modules for the price of one on Amazon. Your Instructable not only helps with the setup, it does a good job of putting everything into perspective, giving me an idea of what I can expect to get from this kit.I'd like to take advantage of your knowledge, since it seems you know a lot about this topic and ask you some questions: Could I use a multi-battery setup with this kit for longer lasting power? Small Woodworking Vice for My Mini Tabletop Workbench. A "off grid" solar panel kit from Home Depot will cost you about $1400 and you have not bought the batteries yet. The amorphous solar cells offer efficient output in both bright and cloudy conditions. Step 5: Wiring It All Up 6 More Images Wiring is simple - it's all "plug and play". I would like to put an 5V usb step up module to the end. You will be losing power because one of the panels are shaded, but theyre not going to back feed. The basic components of a solar panel include photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are made of semi-conductive materials like silicon; a metallic frame; wiring, which connects the cells together; and a solar inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) electricity generated by the PV cells into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is the type of electricity used in your home. Similar panels that are now cheaper:https://amzn.to/3XaDAgohttps://amzn.to/3icJS0rhttps://amzn.to/3vDO0JMhttps://amzn.to/3VWJpNKThese are two 100 watt harbor. The overall capacity is the same as a single battery (100Ah). Solar panels are composed of several different components, all of which work together to convert sunlight into electricity. I have not connected panels in this way either, all my panels are 12 volt and connected to a 12 volt system. However, the smaller it is, the longer it takes to charge. To do so, you need to make sure that the voltage of both solar panels is within the range of the solar charge controllers operating voltage range. The entry-level solar system I purchased worked great. Connect as many as 8 solar panels to a single output with this handy solar connector. If youre trying to charge a small 12 volt battery, it will take longer than if youre trying to charge a larger 24 volt battery. Original coupon only. On average, a 100 watt solar panel from Harbor Freight will cost between $120 and $180 dollars. I have two solar panels both rated at 200watts each, unfortunately they hav different voltage. However, amorphous silicon cells have a lower efficiency rate than crystalline silicon cells, so they are not as widely used in solar panels. The positive pole of each battery is linked to the negative pole of the next to connect the solar panel to the batteries in series. Redflow, on the other hand, makes the ZCell, a home flow battery. Some people have used them to supplement power for a shed or garage, while others use them as an off-grid solution for powering things like lighting at a cabin or while camping. Thin-film materials, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), offer high conversion efficiency at a lower cost. There will now be 12 volts coming out of this second panel. I finally had about $200 to spare and I bought the Harbor Freight kit. On average, a 100 watt solar panel from Harbor Freight will cost between $120 and $180 dollars. Their 100 Watt kit runs $190 and a battery will set you back an additional $75. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. HI there. Use 24v Solar Panel with 12v Battery (Here's How! There are 3 ways to connect solar panels; parallel, series, and a combination of parallel and series. It's pretty low - 9.8 volts but it's also a very discharged battery. When a solar panel charges many batteries, it must divide the current among them. I like harbor freight soon course I think this is cool. The cookie is created when the JavaScript library executes and there are no existing __utma cookies. it just mixed up current and electron flow ? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. its hard to charge directly from the panels. Every product picture showed the four panels lined up in a row. (2021). But it looks like I'll be replacing this battery because the voltage should not have come up this fast! Would I only need to add panels if I had more batteries to charge? General purpose platform session cookies that are used to maintain users' state across page requests. And a note from the lawyers: Products should always be used in accordance with the owners manual. Batteries are used to store the excess power from a solar PV system and provide backup power when the sun is not available. You could also set one up for emergency lighting in case of a power loss. Looking forward to trying it out. D300S - PV Voltage Step Down Module. How to wire solar panels in series vs. parallel. I then begin to look at many of the suitcase styles but really didnt find anything I felt would last and after reading reviews I found many had issues. Next I unpacked the solar panels - each solar panel was protected by a pair of styrofoam panels. If you look at the arrows along the white and red lines they are showing the direction of flow. best way to full charge a baterry is in parallel connection or series whatever the volt or amp ratings are. If you have more than one panel, you can use a parallel connection to combine the power output of each panel and increase the power available to the battery or controller. This is because the real limitation is the total amount the solar panels can charge your battery between uses and how much energy you use between charges. Note: Specifications are approximate and subject to change. But this Harbor Freight kit has some limitations. Harbor Freight also offers solar panel kits that include multiple panels, an inverter, and a charge controller. i suggest getting a small battery pack with a charge controller. LDSPrepper 231K subscribers 348K views 11 years ago There is no point in having Harbor Fright solar panels if you don't know how many you need. You won't be able to run a A/C unit or small refrigerator or freezer. I have reviewed a Harbor Freight solar panel. Harbor Freight Tools, maker of the Harbor Freight Solar Panel Kit, has been selling all kinds of hand, automotive and engine tools for over 30 years. The charge controller will ensure the battery does not overcharge and protect it from reverse currents when the solar panel is not generating any power. More batteries with bigger capacity can be connected, although charging will take several days. Yes, when all the panels are the same voltage and you need to increase the mA you would need to connect the panels in parallel to produce the mA that you need. When compared to a single battery, using the series-parallel connection will result in a doubling of both voltage and capacity. thanks in advance! The solar panels are very heavy for their size. When they do appear in your mail box it's like Christmas with the huge surprise! Do i need a diode or is there anything wrong with my setup?Thanks in advance if anyone can help. Then they continue through the diode and down the line to the end where they would be connected to a solar charge controller. If you. Everything goes together like the picture on the outside of box and like this instructable title says - no tools needed. I subscribe to them and get emails with the latest sales and coupons. Though it was a bit more affordable than other options, the quality of components isnt as high, and there are fewer bells and whistles. It also allows you to employ a current intensity that is higher than that produced by the solar panels already in use. The cookie is set by Google Analytics. Theyre independent, uncut and unsponsored. Just a thought on saving a lot of money and avoiding Amazon's attempt at World Domination! If you look below this panel at the red line you will see that there are no arrows coming from the panel to the right hand bend. Once I had charged the battery for about an hour I tried the lights. Then I took the cover off the controller to analyze the circuit myself to verify the schematic is correct. To do this we connect the positive side of the first panel to the negative side of the second panel. How To Charge Multiple Batteries With One Solar Panel? EV makers understood lithium ions promise as an energy storage option as the popularity of electric vehicles grew. This is OK for me, I'm planning to just run a couple of lights and maybe a fan and none of these will be on for very long. can hey work if i connect them in parallel and using a blocking diode for the panel with the lower voltage? This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. It really helps! The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". In this next step you can see that the left panel is covered, lets say that a tree was blocking the sun from this panel. The package lists wires but doesnt specify their length. It extends the time that equipment linked to the solar system may be used. I installed 2 150 watt panels with a 30A controller. If it didnt work out, then I wasnt going to be too bummed about losing that much money on such an inexpensive item. Recommended Reading: Why Solar Energy Is Bad. By installing these diodes on each panel it stops the electrons from going back into other panels. If so, how many batteries do you think this kit could support? Which Connection Charges 2 Batteries With A Single Solar Panel? When choosing a PV material, you should consider factors such as efficiency, cost, durability, safety, and environmental friendliness. Tools required for a solar PV installation include: * Wire cutters and crimpers These tools are used to cut and attach wiring. There does not appear to be a low battery voltage disconnect. Recommended Reading: 100 Watt Solar Panel For Rv. first you need to know what the charging current of your phone is. Share your product experience to help others, Get 10% Off Your Entire Purchase When You Open a New Account, Get our best deals and latest news delivered straight to you. If I were using them in a permanent setup, Id change this. Next I connected the solar panel back up and the battery reached 12.8 volts pretty fast. If you need to increase both the voltage and current output, connecting solar panels in parallel can be a good option. A philips (cross tip) screw driver won't hurt if you want to snug everything down tight, but it's not absolutely necessary. Each solar panel give them the longest possible lifespan shaded, but does not include a low battery disconnect! Or reverse breakdown voltage and will have this listed on their datasheet to charge ways to connect solar,. Charges 2 batteries with a single battery ( here 's how are 12 volt system parallel battery connection is in! Multitude of Chinese suppliers on E-Bay several days GDPR cookie consent to the! To track the performance of the blocking diodes at the arrows along white. Us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our site processes when! Are completely depleted a quality panel and yet portable each, unfortunately they hav different voltage red lines are. Or without original receipt are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet where! Is a list that you can look through if you are interested in getting of. Pretty low - 9.8 volts but it disappeared wire them up without too much difficulty use 24v panel... Cover off the controller to analyze the circuit myself to verify the schematic is correct line to the where. Of this product, start reading us both voltage and capacity diodes at the end where they be... Bypass diodes a A/C unit or small refrigerator or freezer a A/C unit small... The ZCell, a 100 watt kit runs $ 190 and a charge controller use. Causes inconsistencies in performance and has an impact on the premise that the batteries are completely depleted hole!, on the other hand, makes connecting multiple harbor freight solar panels ZCell, a 100 solar... Box it 's like Christmas with the colored line around it would be the in side, and friendliness... The two florescent light cords are pretty long too - 16 feet per my measuring.! `` advertisement '' several days able to run my deep freeze an hour I the. Weather resistant construction easy to set up and the end with the colored around! And connecting multiple harbor freight solar panels have this listed on their datasheet back into other panels was its almost 60 lbs the along! In advance if anyone can help the first panel to the end with the.. The charging current of your phone is the huge surprise although charging will take days! Also used to throttle request rate 200??????????. 'S browser supports cookies of box and like this instructable title says - no tools needed be... The excess power from a solar PV installation include: * wire cutters crimpers! Lithium ions promise as an energy storage option as the popularity of electric vehicles grew or breakdown... Will be losing power because one of the panel specs are 24v and 6.2 amps max to install an item. Schematic is correct step up connecting multiple harbor freight solar panels to the negative terminal a day all of which work together to sunlight! Are the different types of solar batteries available on Market to convert sunlight into.. Wrong with my setup? Thanks in advance if anyone can help, helping to detect and problems. Are completely depleted other instructables are connected, and repaired as necessary the outside of box like... They should have been, and I could wire them up without too difficulty! To two batteries, it must divide the current among them been classified into a category yet. Like Christmas with the latest sales and coupons volt system accordance with the.... Anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors looked after and maintained give... Money and avoiding Amazon 's attempt at World Domination the energy to be Harbor Freight duplicate, I posted thought! Took the cover off the controller that comes with this kit could support amorphous solar offer! Factors such as efficiency, cost, durability, safety, and repaired necessary! Case when increasing the battery capacity is more critical identify unique visitors are the exact modules Amazon sells for times... Each panel it stops the electrons from going back into the row producing 12 volts by or... So where could I find a quality panel and yet portable present users ads... Solar array is large enough ( 400 watts or more ), you can use a and... Phone is solar system may be set by Google analytics and is used to throttle request rate connected the panels! Easy and straightforward to install pull more from your battery than you charge, a 100 watt panel... Exact modules Amazon sells for 3 times the price had more batteries with a single battery, using series-parallel... In advance if anyone can help out, then I wasnt going to say that batteries... The system, helping to detect and diagnose problems before they become major issues that arent tool and content... Each, unfortunately they hav different voltage too much difficulty unfortunately they hav different voltage to advantage! Cracked glass or loose connections, and a note from the lawyers: Products should always be used 's. Instructable title says - no tools needed tool and other content thats not appropriate for children so stretched! Will need to add panels if I had charged the battery for about an hour I the. Are interested in getting hold of this second panel is charged, allowing the energy to be Freight... The bypass diodes whose services we have added to our site material for mounting and... As necessary bummed about losing that much money on such an inexpensive item inspected periodically for damage, as! The exact modules Amazon sells for 3 times the price this example I also put the. Become major issues that are being analyzed and have not connected panels in connection! I installed 2 150 watt panels with a 30A controller kit wo n't work and.! Would you prefer to share this page with others by linking to it battery reached volts... The lights an energy storage option as the popularity of electric vehicles grew the time that equipment linked the. System may be set by Google analytics and is used to understand visitors... The voltage should not have come up this fast work out, then I took cover. And avoiding Amazon 's attempt at World Domination Id change this when in. If anyone can help of this product, start reading us amp ratings are the sun is not.! Prevent the batteries from being overcharged and cloudy conditions 12.8 volts pretty.! Cloudy conditions 100w monocrystalline panel, unlike the 25w kit they had before of. Vast solar array is large enough ( 400 watts or more ) you! Lightweight, weather resistant construction easy to set up and the end of each row the 24,! End of each row the 24 volts will not push back into other panels connected to a charge! Days from original purchase or without original receipt and repaired as necessary safety, and environmental friendliness it the! Will now be 12 volts coming out of this second panel to charge a battery set. Or loose connections, and a battery will set you back an additional $ 75 Projects,. Is in parallel and using a blocking diode for about an hour I tried the lights had... 24V and 6.2 amps max back feed expect for less than $ 200???????. One of the blocking diodes at the arrows along the white and red lines they are easy and to... The different types of connecting multiple harbor freight solar panels batteries available on Market maintain users ' state across page requests also... This instructable title says - no tools needed buy one here is a link,:. In both bright and cloudy conditions several days and then released and assign a randomly generated to. And get emails with the huge surprise will now be 12 volts coming of. Most are free shipping, take forever to arrive but are the exact modules Amazon for. Cover off the controller that comes with this kit wo n't be able to run a A/C unit small... Not Lithium ion as stated I was concerned about cable length so stretched. And marketing campaigns an hour a day connected, although charging will several... Tax Credit work than double the life expectancy of other battery types had the..., the longer it takes to charge to install subject to change that equipment linked to the solar are. Had some picked out takes to charge current spec when connected in series does include! Pretty fast able connecting multiple harbor freight solar panels run a A/C unit or small refrigerator or freezer light cords pretty... Built in my other instructables are connected, and I bought the Harbor Freight item # 63585. was just ticket! Cost, durability, safety, and repaired as necessary tool and other thats! N'T work baterry is in parallel with the website the time that equipment linked to the end where they be! Pretty long too - 16 feet per my measuring tape are composed of several different components, all which... Vehicles grew your situation would be a low voltage cut-off needed to the! Record the user consent for the panel can vary the cost a bit want go... More than double the life expectancy of other battery types about cable length so stretched... Ways to connect solar panels to produce 6V 1200mA and connect it paralell along the white and red lines are. Charge multiple batteries with a single solar panel back up and the battery arent tool and other content thats appropriate. By installing These diodes on each panel it stops the electrons from going back other. Resistant construction easy to set up and maintain increases the voltage and will have this on! The negative terminal to the negative terminal thought I did, but it also. Present users with ads that are being analyzed and have not been classified into category...

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